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Career Steps in Journalism in Turkey: From Traineeship to Editor-in-Chief
How the titles in the legislation are graded: from the four-grade structure of Anadolu Agency to the title hierarchy of newspapers and internet news s
Press LawMedia Member, Journalist and Intellectual Worker in Turkey: The Difference Between Three Definitions
Press Card Regulation Arts. 4/h and 4/n define the journalist and the media member separately; the intellectual worker is a concept of Law No. 5953 an
Press LawWhat Does Working in the News Field Mean in Turkey?
Press Card Regulation Arts. 23/2, 25/2 and 26/2-f: at Anadolu Agency, TRT and radio and television organisations no press card is given to those who d
Press LawWhich Roles Cannot Receive a Press Card in Turkey? (Advertising, Marketing, Accounting)
Press Card Regulation Arts. 7/2, 23/2, 25/2 and 26/2-f: no press card is given to the employees of organisations that do not provide services in the m
Press LawReporter or Editor in Turkey? A Comparison of Duties, Liability and Pay
The reporter is listed in every title list without a field condition; the editor appears in the same sub-paragraph as the news manager, sub-editor and
Press LawResponsible Manager Versus Editor-in-Chief in Turkey
The responsible manager is a capacity based on the declaration and carrying criminal liability; the editor-in-chief is a staff title listed in the pub
Press LawThe Title List at Internet News Sites in Turkey
Press Card Regulation Art. 27: the titles listed in 21 sub-paragraphs at internet news sites and the quota based on the number of employees insured un
Press LawThe Title List at Radio and Television in Turkey
Press Card Regulation Art. 26 (Amended: Official Gazette 6/6/2024-32568): the titles listed in 20 sub-paragraphs at radio and television organisations
Press LawThe Titles Eligible for a Press Card at TRT in Turkey
Press Card Regulation Art. 25: the titles listed in four sub-paragraphs at TRT and the condition of working in the news field added in 2024.
Press LawThe Titles That May Obtain a Press Card at Anadolu Agency in Turkey
Press Card Regulation Art. 23 (Amended together with its heading: Official Gazette 6/6/2024-32568): the titles listed in eight sub-paragraphs at Anado
Press LawThe Title List at News and Photo Agencies in Turkey
Press Card Regulation Art. 24 (Amended: Official Gazette 6/6/2024-32568): the titles listed in 13 sub-paragraphs at news and photo agencies and the th
Press LawTitles at Fortnightly and Less Frequent Publications in Turkey
Press Card Regulation Art. 22: the titles listed in 12 sub-paragraphs and the quotas for fortnightly newspapers and magazines published at intervals o
Press LawTitles at Non-Political Newspapers and Magazines in Turkey
Press Card Regulation Art. 21: in non-political publications the 17-field condition is not required, and the titles of representative reporter and reg
Press LawThe Title List for Weekly Newspapers and Magazines in Turkey
Press Card Regulation Art. 20: the titles at weekly political newspapers and magazines are the same as at daily political newspapers; the quota is det
Press LawThe Full List of Press Card Titles at Daily Political Newspapers in Turkey
Press Card Regulation Art. 19: the titles listed in 14 sub-paragraphs at daily political newspapers and the quotas determined by surface area.
Press LawThe New Media News Editor in Turkey: The Newest Title in the Legislation
In the Press Card Regulation new media news is the last of the 17 news fields and covers journalism produced in digital media.
Press LawExclusive Reporting and Investigative Journalism in Turkey: Source Protection
In the Press Card Regulation exclusive news is one of the 17 news fields; the basic legal safeguard of investigative journalism is the right not to di
Press LawThe Environment Reporter in Turkey
In the Press Card Regulation the environment is one of the 17 news fields; environmental reporting is closely connected with access to information and
Press LawThe Science and Technology Reporter in Turkey
In the Press Card Regulation science and technology is one of the 17 news fields; it was also added to the official advertisement content requirement
Press LawThe Health Reporter in Turkey: Health Claims and the Advertising Ban
In the Press Card Regulation health is one of the 17 news fields; health reporting requires particular care over the limits of advertising and health
Press LawFamily Reporting and the Red Lines of Reporting on Children in Turkey
In the Press Card Regulation the family is one of the 17 news fields; the field intersects directly with the child protection legislation.
Press LawThe Tourism Reporter in Turkey
In the Press Card Regulation tourism is one of the 17 news fields; the field is closely connected with the limits of advertising and surreptitious adv
Press LawThe Culture and Arts Reporter in Turkey
In the Press Card Regulation culture and the arts is one of the 17 news fields; the field is closely connected with copyright law and the rules on quo
Press LawThe Sports Reporter in Turkey: The Short Reporting Right and Broadcasting Rules
In the Press Card Regulation sport is one of the 17 news fields; sports broadcasting is subject to special rules such as the short reporting right.
Press LawThe Education Reporter Field in Turkey
In the Press Card Regulation education is one of the 17 news fields; education reporting intersects with the rules on reporting about children.
Press LawThe Celebrity Reporter in Turkey and the Limit of Privacy
In the Press Card Regulation celebrity news is one of the 17 news fields; celebrity reporting comes up directly against the limit of the privacy of pr
Press LawThe Finance Reporter and Market Journalism in Turkey
In the Press Card Regulation finance is one of the 17 news fields, listed separately from the economy; market journalism is subject to the limits of a
Press LawThe Economy Reporter in Turkey: Field Knowledge and Legal Limits
In the Press Card Regulation the economy is one of the 17 news fields; economic reporting requires particular care over the limits of advertising and
Press LawWhat a Current Affairs Reporter Does in Turkey
In the Press Card Regulation current affairs is one of the 17 news fields and covers the following of the leading events of the day.
Press LawThe Foreign News Reporter and Overseas Assignment in Turkey
In the Press Card Regulation foreign news is one of the 17 news fields; giving press cards to those working in foreign bureaux depends on the quota pr
Press LawThe Home News Reporter in Turkey: Field Definition
In the Press Card Regulation home news is one of the 17 news fields and covers the following of domestic events.
Press LawBecoming a Politics (Parliament) Reporter in Turkey
In the Press Card Regulation politics is the first of the 17 news fields; parliamentary reporting covers the following and reporting of legislative ac
Press LawWhat Is a Host Officer for the Foreign Press in Turkey?
Host officer duty is the hosting and accompanying role of the Directorate of Communications in relation to members of the foreign press; it does not a
Press LawThe Channel Coordinator and the Radio Manager at TRT in Turkey
Press Card Regulation Art. 25/1-b: at TRT the channel coordinators, TRT managers and radio managers are listed among the titles that may obtain a pres
Press LawWhat Is a Desk Supervisor at TRT in Turkey?
Press Card Regulation Art. 25/1-c: the desk supervisors are listed among the titles that may obtain a press card at TRT, together with the broadcast i
Press LawThe Broadcast Inspector at TRT in Turkey: Job Description
Press Card Regulation Art. 25/1-c: at TRT the broadcast inspectors are listed among the titles that may obtain a press card, together with the desk su
Press LawThe Sign Language Interpreter in Turkey: Accessibility in Broadcasting and the Press Card
Press Card Regulation Art. 26/1-r: the sign language interpreter is a title found only in the radio and television title list.
Press LawThe Broadcaster and Chief Broadcaster Titles in Turkey
Press Card Regulation Art. 23: at Anadolu Agency, chief broadcasters, senior broadcasters, broadcasters and assistant broadcasters may obtain a press
Press LawThe Director and the Right to a Press Card in Television in Turkey
Press Card Regulation Art. 26/1-h: the director appears only in the radio and television title list and is subject to the condition of working in the
Press LawThe Producer in Turkey: Job Description in Broadcasting
Press Card Regulation Art. 26/1-ğ: the producer appears only in the radio and television title list; it should not be confused with announcemen
Press LawThe News Commentator and the Sports Commentator in Turkey
Press Card Regulation Art. 26/1-o: the news or sports commentator appears only in the radio and television title list.
Press LawWhat Is a Moderator in Turkey and How Do They Differ from a Presenter?
Press Card Regulation Art. 26/1-j: the moderator is a title found only in the radio and television title list.
Press LawThe News Anchor in Turkey: Duties, Responsibility and Broadcasting Principles
Press Card Regulation Arts. 26/1-i and 27/1-ö: the news anchor is among the titles that may obtain a press card at radio and television organisat
Press LawThe Video Editor and Press Cards at Internet News Sites in Turkey
Press Card Regulation Art. 27/1-s: the video editor is a title found only in the internet news site title list.
Press LawWhat Is an Editing Operator in Turkish Broadcasting?
Press Card Regulation Arts. 26/1-ö and 27/1-r: the editing operator may obtain a press card at radio and television organisations and internet ne
Press LawThe Chief Cameraman and the AA Title Hierarchy in Turkey
Press Card Regulation Art. 23/1-f: at Anadolu Agency, chief cameramen may obtain a press card together with chief reporters and the other “chief
Press LawThe Cameraman and the News Cameraman in Turkey
Press Card Regulation Arts. 26/1-k and l: at radio and television organisations the news cameraman and the cameraman are listed in separate sub-paragr
Press LawThe Photographer: A Title Added by the 2024 Amendment in Turkey
Press Card Regulation Art. 26/1-s (Added: Official Gazette 6/6/2024-32568-Presidential Decision 8624/6): the photographer was added to the radio and t
Press LawWhy the Illustrator Title Is on the Press Card List in Turkey
Press Card Regulation Arts. 19/1-l, 20/1-l, 21/1-k, 22/1-i and 27/1-l: the illustrator is among the titles that may obtain a press card at newspapers,
Press LawThe Cartoonist in Turkey: The Right to a Press Card and Publishing Responsibility
Press Card Regulation Arts. 19/1-k, 20/1-k, 21/1-j, 22/1-ı and 27/1-k: the cartoonist may obtain a press card at newspapers, magazines, fortnig
Press LawThe Graphic Artist and Chief Graphic Artist: Agency Titles in Turkey
Press Card Regulation Art. 23: at Anadolu Agency, chief graphic artists, senior graphic artists, graphic artists and assistant graphic artists may obt
Press LawThe Designer Graphic Artist in Turkey and the News Field Condition
In the Press Card Regulation the designer graphic artist is listed among the titles that may obtain a press card only with the qualification “ta
Press LawWhat a Page Secretary Does at a Newspaper in Turkey
In the Press Card Regulation the page secretary is listed in the same sub-paragraph as the art director and the designer graphic artist, and also appe
Press LawWho Is an Art Director in Turkey?
Press Card Regulation Art. 19/1-j: the art director or page secretary or the designer graphic artist taking part in the news field are listed as alter
Press LawThe Agency Branch Manager and Deputy Branch Manager in Turkey
Press Card Regulation Arts. 24/1-f and g: at news and photo agencies the branch manager and the deputy branch manager are among the titles that may ob
Press LawThe Foreign Representative in Turkey: Duties and Press Card Quota
Press Card Regulation Art. 25/1-c: at TRT the foreign representatives may obtain a press card; in other types of publication foreign bureaux are gover
Press LawThe Regional Representative and the Provincial Representative in Turkey
Press Card Regulation Arts. 19/1-n, 20/1-n, 24/1-e, 26/1-e and 27/1-n: the regional or provincial representative is among the titles that may obtain a
Press LawWhat Is a Readers’ Representative (Ombudsman) in Turkey?
Press Card Regulation Arts. 19/1-m, 20/1-m, 21/1-l and 27/1-m: the readers’ representative is listed among the titles that may obtain a press ca
Press LawThe Columnist in Turkey and the Periodic Writing Condition for a Press Card
The Press Card Regulation requires two conditions for a press card with the title of writer: having one’s own column and writing periodically.
Press LawWho Is a Leader Writer in Turkey and How Do They Differ from a Columnist?
Press Card Regulation Art. 19/1-ğ: the leader writer and writer who has their own column and writes periodically may obtain a press card.
Press LawWhat Is the Chair of the Broadcast Review Board in Turkey?
Press Card Regulation Art. 26/1-c: the chair of the broadcast review board is a title that appears only in the radio and television title list.
Press LawThe Chair of the Board and Press Cards in Broadcasting in Turkey
Press Card Regulation Arts. 26/1-a, 23/1-a and 25/1-a: at radio and television organisations the chair of the board of directors, and at Anadolu Agenc
Press LawHow the Representative of a Legal Person Is Determined in Turkey and What They Are Responsible For
Press Card Regulation Art. 4/r: the representative of the legal person is the natural person determined by the competent organ from among the managers
Press LawWho Is the Holder of the Concession in Turkey? The Legal Position of the Publication Owner
Press Card Regulation Art. 4/u: the publication owner is the natural person or the representative of the legal person stated in the declaration given
Press LawThe General Coordinator Title and the Press Card in Turkey
The general coordinator is listed in the Press Card Regulation in the same administrative titles sub-paragraph as the director general, the institutio
Press LawWho Are the Institution Manager and the Administrative Manager in Turkey?
Press Card Regulation Art. 19/1-c: the director general or the general coordinator or the institution manager or the administrative manager are listed
Press LawThe Publication Director in Turkey: Its Role in Periodicals
The publication director is the last title of the senior publication management quartet in the Press Card Regulation, and is listed on its own in fort
Press LawGeneral Publication Manager Versus Director General in Turkey
In the Press Card Regulation the general publication manager is listed in the publication management sub-paragraph (Art. 19/1-b) and the director gene
Press LawWhat Is a General Publication Coordinator in Turkey?
The general publication coordinator is one of the alternative titles listed in the Press Card Regulation in the same sub-paragraph as the editor-in-ch
Press LawThe Editor-in-Chief in Turkey: Powers and Responsibilities
The editor-in-chief is listed in every periodical list of the Press Card Regulation as an alternative title together with the general publication coor
Press LawWhat a News Planning Manager Does in Turkey
Press Card Regulation Art. 23/1-d: at Anadolu Agency, news planning managers are listed among the titles that may obtain a press card, together with c
Press LawThe News Director and the Anadolu Agency Title Structure in Turkey
Press Card Regulation Art. 23/1-c: at Anadolu Agency the news directors working under the editor-in-chief or the deputy director general may obtain a
Press LawWho Is a News Coordinator in Turkey?
Press Card Regulation Arts. 23/1-d, 25/1-c, 26/1-d and 27/1-g: the news coordinator is among the titles that may obtain a press card at Anadolu Agency
Press LawThe News Section Chief in Turkey: Job Description
In the Press Card Regulation the news section chief is a title listed together with, or separately from, the intelligence section chief; it appears in
Press LawWhat Do the News Chief and the Intelligence Chief Do in Turkey?
Press Card Regulation Art. 19/1-f: the intelligence and news section chief, or separately the intelligence section chief and the news section chief, m
Press LawWho Is a Sub-Editor in Turkey and How Do They Differ from an Editor?
The sub-editor is listed in the Press Card Regulation as an alternative title together with the news manager, the editor and the chief; the legislatio
Press LawWhat Is an Editor in Turkish Legislation?
The editor is listed in the Press Card Regulation as an alternative title together with the news manager, the sub-editor and the chief; at internet ne
Press LawThe News Manager in Turkey: Duties and the Press Card Title
Press Card Regulation Art. 19/1-g: a news manager, editor, sub-editor or chief may obtain a press card on condition of working in one of the 17 news f
Press LawWho Is an Assistant Reporter in Turkey?
Press Card Regulation Art. 23/1-h: at Anadolu Agency, assistant reporters, assistant photojournalists, assistant cameramen, assistant graphic artists,
Press LawThe Senior Reporter in Turkey: Title Grades and the Basis of Promotion
Press Card Regulation Art. 23/1-g: at Anadolu Agency, senior reporters, senior photojournalists, senior cameramen, senior graphic artists, senior edit
Press LawThe Chief Reporter Title and Anadolu Agency in Turkey
Press Card Regulation Art. 23/1-f: at Anadolu Agency, chief reporters, chief photojournalists, chief cameramen, chief graphic artists, chief editing o
Press LawWhat Is a Representative Reporter in Turkey? The Difference from a Regional Representative
Press Card Regulation Arts. 19/1-i, 20/1-i, 26/1-n and 27/1-i: the representative reporter is listed as a title separate from the regional or provinci
Press LawThe Photojournalist in Turkey: Definition, Legal Status and Shooting Rights
The photojournalist appears in the title lists of the Press Card Regulation for newspapers, magazines, agencies and internet news sites; at Anadolu Ag
Press LawWho Is a Reporter in Turkey? Duties, Rights and the Press Card Process
The reporter is the basic journalistic title that appears in every publication-type list of the Press Card Regulation and is regarded as an intellectu
Press LawWhat Is a Night Editorial Supervisor in Turkey?
Press Card Regulation Arts. 19/1-e, 20/1-e, 21/1-e and 27/1-e: the night editorial supervisor is among the titles that may obtain a press card at dail
Press LawThe Editorial Manager in Turkey: Duties and Press Card Conditions
Press Card Regulation Arts. 19/1-d, 20/1-d, 21/1-d, 22/1-ç and 27/1-d: the editorial manager appears on the press card list as a title separate
Press LawWhat a Responsible Editorial Manager Does in Turkey
Press Card Regulation Art. 19/1-ç: the responsible editorial manager, or responsible manager, may obtain a press card on condition of residing
Press LawProfessions in the Turkish Press and Media: The Full List of the 90 Titles in the Legislation
The nine title lists in Arts. 19–27 of the Press Card Regulation one by one: from the responsible manager to the reporter, from the editor to th
Press LawThe Official Announcement Checklist for Local Newspaper Owners in Turkey
A list, with the provisions cited, of the staff, content, imprint, printing, distribution, sales, delivery and notification obligations that must be c
Press LawHow Circulation and Actual Sales Affect Official Announcements in Turkey
Actual sales is one of the five qualities in Art. 34 of Law No. 195; Regulation Art. 44 sets the minimum sales thresholds and Art. 51 the increase in
Press LawThe Return of the Shares of the Banks Participating in BİK Capital in Turkey
Council of Ministers Decision of 08.12.1966, No. 6/7411: the shares of the national banks and insurance partnerships that participated in the capital
Press LawThe Decision Determining the Commission Rates in Turkey
Council of Ministers Decision of 15.10.1961, No. 5/1807: it was decided that the 15% and 10% commission rates in Article 24 of Law No. 195 be changed
Press LawGeneral Assembly Announcements of Tradesmen and Craftsmen Credit and Guarantee Cooperatives in Turkey
There is a General Assembly principle decision on the general assembly convening announcements of Tradesmen and Craftsmen Credit and Guarantee Coopera
Press LawVakıfbank and Vakıf Emeklilik Announcements in Turkey
General Assembly Principle Decision No. 181 (21.11.2008): because Türkiye Vakıflar Bankası T.A.O. and Vakıf Emeklilik A.&Sce
Press LawAnnouncements of State Economic Enterprise Affiliates in Turkey
General Assembly Principle Decision No. 42 (14.02.1969): the announcements not of an advertising character of the affiliates in which offices, bodies
Press LawAnnouncements of Merged Institutions and Affiliates in Turkey
General Assembly Principle Decision No. 70 (25.08.1978): where the total of the shares in the new affiliates of those exempt because their capital sha
Press LawGeneral Assembly Announcements of Agricultural Producer Unions in Turkey
General Assembly Principle Decision No. 207 (21.06.2017): the general assembly convening announcements of Agricultural Producer Unions are official an
Press LawThe Principle Decision on Persons Excluded from the Minimum Staff in Turkey
General Assembly Principle Decision No. 171 (25.05.2005): where the holder of the concession is a legal person, partners regarded as insured under Law
Press LawThe Principle Decision on Intellectual Workers in the Minimum Staff in Turkey
General Assembly Principle Decision No. 94 (16.08.1985): in interpreting the condition that staff members reside in the place where the newspaper is p
Press LawConditions for Loans and Aid from BİK in Turkey
Law No. 195, Arts. 2, 22 and 23: the Agency extends credit of at most 5 years to those participating in its administration and lends money of at most
Press LawThe Penal Provisions on BİK Officials in Turkey
Law No. 195, Art. 50: the members of the General Assembly and of the Board of Directors and all officials and employees are punished, for the offences
Press LawThe Control of Announcements and the Payroll Record in Turkey
Law No. 195, Arts. 46–48: the intermediary places a distinguishing word and serial number at the bottom of the announcement, two copies of the i
Press LawNotifying the Private Announcement and Advertisement Tariff in Turkey
Law No. 195, Art. 45: newspapers and magazines must publish in their pages, announce in their offices and notify to the Agency in writing, at least 15
Press LawWhat Is Announcement and Advertising Brokerage in Turkey?
Law No. 195, Arts. 41, 44 and 48: brokers work by way of commission agency, act on the basis of invoices and may not take more than 25% commission; th
Press LawThe Exceptions for Private Announcements in Turkey: When Is the Agency Mandatory?
Law No. 195, Art. 42: the announcements and advertisements of public offices and bodies and of the other institutions established by law or by Preside
Press LawWhat Are Private Announcements and Advertisements in Turkey?
Law No. 195, Art. 40: announcements that are not regarded as official and do not bear the character of advertising are private announcements; those ma
Press LawObjections to BİK Decisions and the Dispute Authority in Turkey
Law No. 195, Arts. 37–38 and 49: the authority for resolving disputes is the Board of Directors of the Agency; against decisions under Art. 49 a
Press LawThe Duties of Newspapers Towards BİK in Turkey
Law No. 195, Art. 35: the General Assembly may impose on newspapers the duties of keeping notarised books and of providing information, and may at any
Press LawHow Official Announcements Are Distributed to Newspapers in Turkey
Law No. 195, Arts. 32 and 36: official announcements are distributed, without regard to differences of opinion and doctrine, to the periodicals whose
Press LawWhere Are Official Announcements Published in Turkey?
Law No. 195, Art. 31: official announcements are published through the branches of the Agency within the municipal boundaries of the places where a br
Press LawWho Decides Whether an Announcement Is Official in Turkey?
Law No. 195, Art. 30: in cases of doubt or dispute the decision of the Board of Directors of the Agency is followed; for a principle decision the matt
Press LawThe Revenues and Commission Fee of BİK in Turkey
Law No. 195, Arts. 17 and 24: the revenues of the Agency are the operation of its capital, commissions, other revenues and donations; 15% is deducted
Press LawGovernment Supervision over BİK and the Transferred Powers in Turkey
Law No. 195, Arts. 14 and 52: the Government has the power of supervision over the Agency and exercises it by auditing all of its accounts and transac
Press LawBİK Branches and Their Areas of Authority in Turkey
Law No. 195, Arts. 3, 13 and 31: the headquarters is İstanbul; branches are opened in Ankara, İstanbul and İzmir and where necessary, and official ann
Press LawThe Duties of the BİK Board of Directors in Turkey
Law No. 195, Arts. 10–11: the Board of Directors consists of 6 members elected by the General Assembly plus the Director General, 4 affirmative
Press LawHow the BİK General Assembly Is Formed and What It Decides in Turkey
Law No. 195, Arts. 5–8: the General Assembly consists of 42 members, 14 from each of three groups, meets once every 3 months and performs the du
Press LawThe Organs of the Press Advertisement Agency in Turkey
Law No. 195, Arts. 4–13: the organisation consists of the General Assembly, the auditors, the Board of Directors, the Directorate General and th
Press LawWhat Is the Press Advertisement Agency in Turkey? Establishment and Duties
Law No. 195, Arts. 1–3: the Press Advertisement Agency is an institution with public legal personality; its headquarters is in İstanbul and its
Press LawThe Press Advertisement Agency and Official Announcements in Turkey: A Guide
Law No. 195 article by article: the organisation and organs of the Agency, revenues and the commission, the definition and distribution of official an
Press LawFrom the 2016 Regulation to the New One in Turkey
Art. 118 repealed the Regulation of 5/10/2016, No. 29848; provisional Arts. 1–7 brought transitional rules for the staff exception, internet new
Press LawThe Role of Governorships Where There Is No BİK Branch in Turkey
Regulation Art. 117: in places left outside the field of duty of the Agency by decision of the General Assembly, the procedures concerning official an
Press LawHow to Object to Decisions of the BİK Directorate General in Turkey
Regulation Art. 115: a newspaper or internet news site to which a decision of the Directorate General has been notified may object to the Board of Dir
Press LawThe Exceptions in the Sanctions on the Publishing Right in Turkey
Regulation Art. 114: where a criminal case is brought for Offences Against the Constitutional Order or offences under Law No. 3713, the right is withh
Press LawWhen Does the Right to Publish Official Announcements End in Turkey?
Regulation Art. 113 lists eleven cases, including 6 months after a suspension decision, a publication ban of more than 6 months in a year, a 3-day int
Press LawSet-Off and Compensation Procedures in Turkey
Regulation Art. 112: the amount corresponding to announcements published during a breach is set off and those that could not be published despite the
Press LawHow a Suspended Publishing Right Is Restored in Turkey
Regulation Art. 111: an examination is carried out on a signed application stating that the breach has been removed; if the breach is found to have be
Press LawWho May Be the Journalist Member of an Inspection Board in Turkey?
Regulation Arts. 92–94: the board consists of 2 Agency officials, 1 chair and 1 member appointed by the Director General; candidate journalist m
Press LawHow Many Issues Are Required for Official Advertisements in Turkey?
Regulation Arts. 80–81: 12 issues for those published weekly or more often, 9 for fortnightly, 6 for monthly, 3 for bimonthly and 2 for quarterl
Press LawOfficial Advertisement Requirements for Magazines in Turkey
Regulation Arts. 78–85: for newspapers and magazines that hold only the advertisement right, the conditions are content, a minimum staff of 1 re
Press LawWhich Announcements Are Published in the General Category in Turkey?
Regulation Art. 77: the six types of announcement under the Enforcement and Bankruptcy Law, the Tax Procedure Law, the State Procurement Law, the Expr
Press LawWhat Is the Visitor Traffic Additional Indicator in Turkey?
Art. 67 of the Regulation (Amended: Official Gazette 6/3/2024-32481): an additional indicator of 1/2 is applied to those employing at least twice the
Press LawDesign and Coding Requirements for Internet News Sites in Turkey
Art. 62 of the Regulation: internet news sites must take care over the design and coding technique and ensure that the content is understandable and e
Press LawThe Citizenship Condition for Internet News Site Owners in Turkey
Art. 55 of the Regulation: a natural person owner must be a Turkish citizen; in a legal person 51% of the capital must belong to Turkish citizens and
Press LawThe Waiting Period for Internet News Sites in Turkey: 24 Months or 6?
Art. 54 of the Regulation: the rule is 24 months; 6 months applies to those meeting twice the staff, content and traffic numbers for their category, b
Press LawInternet News Site Categories and the General Category in Turkey
Art. 53 Table-5 of the Regulation: internet news sites have five categories by quota place and, above them, a Turkey-wide General Category for publish
Press LawSales Additional Indicator Rates in Turkey
Art. 51 of the Regulation: five steps from 10,000 to 100,000 copies (1/3 to twice) for national and Category 1-2 newspapers, and four steps from 1,000
Press LawWhat Is the Distribution Additional Indicator in Turkey?
Art. 50 of the Regulation: an additional indicator at the rate of 1/3 is applied to national newspapers that distribute the whole of the daily minimum
Press LawSubscription Sales and Subscriber Verification in Turkey
Arts. 44-45 of the Regulation: subscriptions shorter than 1 month do not count, delivery to the subscriber is by 09.00, there are per-subscriber copy
Press LawNewspaper Distribution Principles and Dealer Obligations in Turkey
Art. 42 of the Regulation: distribution is carried out through periodical distribution undertakings; national newspapers distribute same-day in at lea
Press LawPage Layout and Font Size Rules for Turkish Newspapers
Art. 40 of the Regulation: at least 12 and at most 14 lines of text in every five centimetres; the letters may not be smaller than 8 or larger than 10
Press LawThe Delivery Obligation for Newspapers in Turkey (2024)
Art. 35 of the Regulation (Amended: Official Gazette 6/3/2024-32481): at least 2 copies of each issue and its pages are conveyed to the Agency through
Press LawNewspaper Categories 1 to 6 in Turkey
Art. 32 Table-1 of the Regulation: Category 1 Istanbul, Category 2 Ankara and Izmir, Category 3 21 provinces, Category 4 19 provinces, Category 5 38 p
Press LawHow the Place of Publication of Newspapers Is Determined in Turkey
Art. 31 of the Regulation: the districts of metropolitan municipalities count as a single place of publication, the centre of each of the 51 provinces
Press LawHow an Official Announcement Invoice Is Issued in Turkey
Art. 27 of the Regulation: newspapers and internet news sites issue an invoice over the amount remaining after the Agency's commission is deducted fro
Press LawIn How Many Publications May an Intellectual Worker Be Counted in Turkey?
Art. 21 of the Regulation: where an intellectual worker is declared in the staff of more than one newspaper and internet news site, they are accepted
Press LawWho May Not Be Counted in the Minimum Staff in Turkey
Art. 20 of the Regulation: the owner, the representative of a legal person, company partners and managers and their close relatives may not appear in
Press LawObligations During the Waiting Period in Turkey
Art. 16 of the Regulation: newspapers and internet news sites in the waiting period may not publish official announcements; but they must have all the
Press LawWhat Is ILANBIS and How Notifications Are Made in Turkey
Arts. 4/i and 13 of the Regulation: ILANBIS is the system in which official announcements and advertisements are taken and distributed electronically
Press LawThe Right to Publish Only Official Advertisements in Turkey
Art. 10 of the Regulation: periodicals requesting to publish official advertisements only acquire that right where they fulfil the conditions; those h
Press LawHow to Earn the Right to Publish Official Announcements in Turkey
Arts. 9 and 11 of the Regulation: newspapers and internet news sites that fulfil their qualities and duties completely and on time, in accordance with
Press LawHow the Monthly List of Qualifying Periodicals Is Published in Turkey
Art. 8 of the Regulation: on the last working day of each month the Agency announces, through its websites, the list containing the names of the perio
Press LawThe Intermediary Role and Monopoly of BIK in Turkey
Art. 7 of the Regulation: the Agency acts as intermediary in having official announcements and advertisements published in the periodicals holding the
Press LawOfficial Announcements Versus Official Advertisements in Turkey
Arts. 5 and 6 of the Regulation: an official announcement is one whose publication is compulsory under a statute or regulation, or a non-advertising a
Press LawWhat Is the Turkish Official Announcements Regulation? Scope and Basis
Arts. 1-3 of the Regulation: its purpose is to determine the qualities and duties of the periodicals in which official announcements and advertisement
Press LawThe Right to Publish Official Announcements in Turkey: Conditions, Categories and Quota
The Official Announcements and Advertisements Regulation article by article: the waiting period, the staff, content, places of publication and categor
Press LawCan a Newspaper Be Closed or Suspended in Turkey Today?
There is no sanction of closing a newspaper in Law No. 5187; suspension of publication is possible only where the declaration is deficient, by decisio
Press LawThe Provisional Articles of the Turkish Press Law and Compliance Periods
The provisional articles of Law No. 5187: thirty days for notifying the type of publication in 2004, six months for public publications; a three-month
Press LawThe Additional Articles of the Turkish Press Law and the Press Card
Additional Arts. 1-8 of Law No. 5187: the types of press card, who may obtain one, the conditions required, foreign media members, the Commission, the
Press LawWhat Law No. 7418 Changed in the Turkish Press Law
Law No. 7418 of 13/10/2022 brought internet news sites and the press card into Press Law No. 5187; it amended 16 articles and added 9.
Press LawThe Sanctions Table of Turkish Press Law No. 5187
The penal articles of Press Law No. 5187: publication without an imprint, continuing a suspended publication, the delivery obligation, not publishing
Press LawThe Procedure for Notification in Turkish Press Cases
Art. 29 of Law No. 5187: the place of management of a periodical is deemed, for the purposes of notification, the place of residence of the owner and
Press LawThe Ban on Converting Press Fines into Imprisonment in Turkey
Art. 28 of Law No. 5187: apart from the offences in Arts. 18 and 22, the fines imposed for the offences provided for in this Law may not be converted
Press LawSeizure, Confiscation and Distribution Bans in Turkey
Art. 25 of Law No. 5187: the prosecutor, and the police where delay is prejudicial, may seize up to three copies as evidence for an investigation; sei
Press LawDistribution of Periodicals and the Duty to Distribute in Turkey
Art. 23 of Law No. 5187: persons carrying out distribution are obliged to distribute the publications whose distribution is requested of them for a pr
Press LawObstructing, Destroying or Damaging a Printed Work in Turkey
Art. 22 of Law No. 5187: a person who destroys or damages printed works lawfully printed, with the aim of preventing their publication, distribution o
Press LawThe Penalty for Continuing a Suspended Publication in Turkey
Art. 16 of Law No. 5187: where publication suspended by court decision is continued without filing a proper declaration or notifying changes, the owne
Press LawFormal Requirements of a Reply and Correction Text in Turkey
Art. 14 of Law No. 5187: the correction and reply states the work that gave rise to it; the text may not be longer than the writing concerned and may
Press LawThe Right of Reply and Correction in Turkey: The Full Guide
Art. 14 of Law No. 5187: where a publication infringes a person's honour and dignity or is contrary to the truth, the injured party may send a correct
Press LawThe Chain of Criminal Liability in the Turkish Press
Art. 11 of Law No. 5187: the author is liable for offences committed through periodicals and non-periodicals; in certain situations liability passes t
Press LawWhen Does a Periodical Owner Lose That Right in Turkey?
Art. 9 of Law No. 5187: if the periodical is not published within one year of the date the declaration was filed, or if publication is interrupted for
Press LawWho May Own a Periodical in Turkey? The Conditions
Art. 6 of Law No. 5187: natural and legal persons and public institutions and organisations may own a periodical; where the owner is a minor or under
Press LawPress Freedom: What Does Article 3 of the Turkish Press Law Say?
Art. 3 of Law No. 5187: the press is free. That freedom includes the rights to obtain information, to disseminate, to criticise, to comment and to cre
Press LawDefinitions in the Turkish Press Law: Periodical, National, Regional, Local
Art. 2 of Law No. 5187: the definitions of printed work, publication, periodical, national, regional and local periodical, non-periodical, author, pub
Press LawWhat Does the Turkish Press Law Cover? Purpose and Scope
Art. 1 of Law No. 5187: the purpose of the Law is to determine the procedures and principles on press freedom and its exercise and on the press card;
Press LawTurkish Press Law No. 5187: An Article-by-Article Guide
Press Law No. 5187 article by article: definitions, the imprint, the responsible editor, the declaration, the chain of liability, the right of reply,
Press LawTRT's Obligations Under Law No. 6112 in Turkey
Art. 45 of Law No. 6112: the Turkish Radio-Television Corporation is subject to the broadcasting service principles and the commercial communication p
Press LawHow the Broadcasting Licence Fee Is Calculated in Turkey
Arts. 37/1-d and 42 of Law No. 6112: the Supreme Council determines the broadcasting licence fees; the first instalment is paid before the licence doc
Press LawThe Revenues and Budget of RTUK in Turkey
Art. 41 of Law No. 6112: the Supreme Council's revenues are licence fees, use fees, transmission authorisation fees and the one and a half per cent sh
Press LawProhibitions and Oversight for RTUK Members in Turkey
Art. 38 of Law No. 6112: members of the Supreme Council and their relatives up to the third degree may not be partners or managers in media service pr
Press LawThe Duties and Powers of RTUK in Turkey
Art. 37 of Law No. 6112: the Supreme Council is charged with guaranteeing freedom of expression and of obtaining information, pluralism and a competit
Press LawHow RTUK Supreme Council Members Are Elected in Turkey
Art. 35 of Law No. 6112: the Supreme Council consists of nine members elected by the Grand National Assembly; the term of office is six years and one
Press LawWhat Is RTUK? Its Establishment and Constitutional Status
Art. 34 of Law No. 6112: the Radio and Television Supreme Council was established as an impartial public legal person with administrative and financia
Press LawGeneral Principles of Commercial Communication in Turkish Broadcasting
Art. 9 of Law No. 6112: commercial communication must not be misleading, must not contain discrimination, must not harm the development of children an
Press LawThe Criminal Sanction for Unlicensed Broadcasting in Turkey
Art. 33 of Law No. 6112: natural persons and the members of the board of directors and the general manager of legal persons broadcasting without a lic
Press LawInternet Broadcasting and the RTUK Licence in Turkey
Art. 29/A of Law No. 6112: those wishing to provide radio, television and on-demand broadcasting services only over the internet must obtain a broadca
Press LawObligations of Platform and Infrastructure Operators in Turkey
Art. 29 of Law No. 6112: platform operators and infrastructure operators transmitting broadcasting services are subject to the provisions of this Law
Press LawWhat Is Multiplex Operation in Turkey?
Art. 28 of Law No. 6112: the administrative, financial and technical conditions with which multiplex operators must comply are determined by the Supre
Press LawStarting a Radio or TV Station in Turkey: The Licence Application Step by Step
Under Law No. 6112 a joint stock company is first established for a broadcasting licence, then the application is made having met the administrative,
Press LawBroadcasting Licence Types, Duration and Transfer in Turkey
Art. 27 of Law No. 6112: a separate licence is obtained for each broadcasting technique and medium; the licence lasts ten years and a terrestrial broa
Press LawFrequency Planning and Allocation in Turkey
Art. 26 of Law No. 6112: the Supreme Council makes television channel and radio frequency plans within the framework of the frequency bands allocated
Press LawShare Transfers, Company Transfers and Mergers in Turkish Media
Art. 20 of Law No. 6112: share transfers are notified to the Supreme Council within thirty days; prior permission must be obtained for company transfe
Press LawShareholding and the Foreign Capital Limit in Turkish Media Companies
Art. 19 of Law No. 6112: a broadcasting licence is given to joint stock companies; the total direct foreign capital share may not exceed fifty per cen
Press LawChild Protection in On-Demand Broadcasting Services in Turkey
Art. 8/3 of Law No. 6112: on-demand broadcasting service providers are obliged to ensure that broadcasts that may adversely affect the development of
Press LawThe Ban on Encouraging and Normalising Violence in Turkish Broadcasting
Art. 8/1-ş of Law No. 6112: broadcasting services may not encourage or normalise violence.
Press LawGender Equality in Turkish Broadcasting
Art. 8/1-s of Law No. 6112: broadcasting services may not contain programmes contrary to gender equality, encouraging pressure on women or exploiting
Press LawRespect for the Right of Reply in Turkish Broadcasting
Art. 8/1-o of Law No. 6112: broadcasting services must respect the right of reply and correction of persons or organisations; the procedure is governe
Press LawThe Ban on Obscenity in Turkish Broadcasting
Art. 8/1-n of Law No. 6112: broadcasting services may not be obscene. Its sanction is the heavy tier in Art. 32/1.
Press LawPublic Health, the Environment and Animals in Turkish Broadcasting
Art. 8/1-l of Law No. 6112: broadcasting services may not encourage conduct that will harm public health and the protection of the environment and of
Press LawThe Ban on One-Sided Political Broadcasting in Turkey
Art. 8/1-k of Law No. 6112: broadcasting services may not be of a one-sided or partisan nature in relation to political parties and democratic groups.
Press LawUnfair Competition and Improper Benefit in Turkish Broadcasting
Art. 8/1-j of Law No. 6112: broadcasting services may not contain elements serving improper interests and leading to unfair competition.
Press LawThe Presumption of Innocence in Turkish Broadcasting
Art. 8/1-i of Law No. 6112: no one may be declared guilty or shown as if guilty unless their guilt has become final by a judicial decision.
Press LawAccuracy, Unverified News and Effects in Turkish Broadcasting
Art. 8/1-ı of Law No. 6112: news capable of investigation may not be broadcast without investigation or without being sure of its accuracy; exa
Press LawThe Ban on Encouraging Alcohol, Tobacco, Drugs and Gambling in Turkey
Art. 8/1-h of Law No. 6112: broadcasting services may not be of a nature encouraging the use of addictive substances such as alcohol, tobacco products
Press LawThe Ban on Exploiting Children and Vulnerable People in Turkish Broadcasting
Art. 8/1-ğ of Law No. 6112: broadcasting services may not contain exploitation of children, the vulnerable and the disabled and may not encoura
Press LawThe Ban on Praising Crime and Teaching Criminal Technique in Turkey
Art. 8/1-g of Law No. 6112: broadcasting services may not be of a nature praising the commission of an offence, offenders and criminal organisations o
Press LawPublic Morals and Protection of the Family in Turkish Broadcasting
Art. 8/1-f of Law No. 6112: broadcasting services may not be contrary to the national and moral values of society, to public morals and to the princip
Press LawThe Ban on Discrimination in Turkish Broadcasting
Art. 8/1-e of Law No. 6112: broadcasting services may not contain or encourage broadcasts discriminating and humiliating individuals on grounds such a
Press LawThe Ban on Praising Terrorism in Turkish Broadcasting
Art. 8/1-d of Law No. 6112: broadcasting services may not praise or encourage terrorism, may not present terrorist organisations as strong or justifie
Press LawHuman Dignity and Privacy in Turkish Broadcasting
Art. 8/1-ç of Law No. 6112: broadcasting services may not be contrary to the principle of respect for human dignity and the privacy of private
Press LawRule of Law and Impartiality in Turkish Broadcasting
Art. 8/1-c of Law No. 6112: broadcasting services may not be contrary to the principle of the rule of law, justice and impartiality.
Press LawThe Ban on Inciting Hatred and Hostility in Turkish Broadcasting
Art. 8/1-b of Law No. 6112: broadcasting services may not incite society to hatred and hostility, or create feelings of hatred in society, by making d
Press LawThe Indivisible Integrity Principle in Turkish Broadcasting
Art. 8/1-a of Law No. 6112: broadcasting services may not be contrary to the existence and independence of the State of the Republic of Turkey, to the
Press LawFrom Law No. 3984 to Law No. 6112 in Turkey
Art. 48 of Law No. 6112: Law No. 3984 on the Establishment and Broadcasts of Radio and Television Enterprises is repealed.
Press LawGeneral and Thematic Broadcasting in Turkey
Art. 14 of Law No. 6112: media service provider organisations may make general or thematic broadcasts; the type of broadcast is stated in the licence.
Press LawBroadcasting Service Principles in Turkey: The Full List
Art. 8/1 of Law No. 6112: media service providers present their broadcasting services with an understanding of public responsibility, in conformity wi
Press LawThe Ban on Prior Interference and Broadcaster Independence in Turkey
Art. 6 of Law No. 6112: there may be no prior interference with the content and broadcasting of broadcasting services and the content of broadcasts ma
Press LawDefinitions in the RTUK Law: Media Service Provider, Platform, Multiplex
Art. 3 of Law No. 6112: the definitions of media service provider, editorial responsibility, on-demand broadcasting service, platform, multiplex, prot
Press LawWhat Does Law No. 6112 Govern? Purpose and Scope in Turkey
Art. 1 of Law No. 6112: it determines the procedures and principles on the regulation and supervision of radio, television and on-demand broadcasting
Press LawRTUK Legislation in Turkey: A Guide to Law No. 6112
Law No. 6112 article by article: scope, the 24 broadcasting service principles, commercial communication, licensing and frequency, transmission, admin
Press LawWorking at TRT News in Turkey: Press Cards and Status
Art. 25 of the Press Card Regulation: the titles at TRT that may obtain a press card are listed and no press card is issued to those not working in th
Press LawWhat Law No. 7548 Changed at TRT in Turkey (2025)
Law No. 7548 of 21/5/2025: the Director General's financial rights, the company and partnership regime, the forms of employment, permission to investi
Press LawThe Repealed Articles of TRT Law No. 2954 in Turkey
The articles of Law No. 2954 on establishment, organs, organisation, government communiqués and the supervision of broadcasts were repealed by
Press LawPenal Provisions of the TRT Law in Turkey
Art. 63 of Law No. 2954: those who import or manufacture devices not complying with the standards face three months to one year in prison; those who d
Press LawTRT Banderole Revenue and Receiver Device Fees in Turkey
Art. 3 of Law No. 3093: manufacturers must obtain a banderole or label before sale and importers on entry into free circulation; the rates are set in
Press LawThe Disciplinary Regime for TRT Staff in Turkey
Arts. 56/A-56/D of Law No. 2954: the articles added in 2019 govern the penalties of warning, reprimand, deduction from salary, suspension of advanceme
Press LawEmployment Rights of TRT Staff in Turkey
Art. 50 of Law No. 2954: TRT personnel are subject to the personnel regime of public economic establishments apart from the provisions in the Law; sep
Press LawProtection of TRT Programmes and Unauthorised Use in Turkey
Art. 32 of Law No. 2954: TRT broadcasts may not be re-broadcast, recorded, reproduced or shown to the public at venues charging admission without the
Press LawUnbroadcast News Material at TRT in Turkey
Art. 30 of Law No. 2954: news concerning the security of the State that TRT has obtained but has not been able to broadcast is notified only to the re
Press LawHow Long TRT Must Keep Broadcast Records in Turkey
Art. 29 of Law No. 2954: the written texts used in broadcasts and the recordings of broadcasts having no text are kept for seventy-five days from the
Press LawLiability Arising from TRT Broadcasts in Turkey
Art. 28 of Law No. 2954: in offences committed through broadcasting, the persons who wrote the text, whose voice was recorded, who actually checked th
Press LawThe Right of Correction and Reply in TRT Broadcasts in Turkey
Art. 27 of Law No. 2954: where a person's honour and dignity is touched or matters untrue in respect of them appear, a text sent within seven days of
Press LawAdvertising on TRT in Turkey
Art. 26 of Law No. 2954: TRT may broadcast advertising breaks prepared by natural persons, institutions and private law legal persons, provided it com
Press LawBroadcast Bans on National Security Grounds in Turkey
Art. 23 of Law No. 2954: the President or a minister they designate is empowered to prohibit a news item or broadcast in cases where national security
Press LawPolitical Party Broadcasts on TRT During Elections in Turkey
Art. 22 of Law No. 2954: the use of radio and television by political parties in elections and the making of election propaganda are subject to the pr
Press LawBroadcasting Presidential and Political Party Statements on TRT in Turkey
Art. 20 of Law No. 2954: broadcasting the statements and activities of the President and of the political parties having a group in the Grand National
Press LawThe General Broadcasting Principles of TRT in Turkey
Art. 5 of Law No. 2954: thirteen general broadcasting principles; impartiality, accuracy, the separation of news and comment, and the sound formation
Press LawThe Basic Principles of TRT Broadcasts in Turkey
Art. 4 of Law No. 2954: the basic principles on establishing and operating radio and television stations and regulating their broadcasts; the monopoly
Press LawDefinitions in the Turkish TRT Law
Art. 3 of Law No. 2954: definitions of radio broadcasting, television broadcast, electromagnetic wave, transmitter station, cable television, closed-c
Press LawWhat Does TRT Law No. 2954 Govern in Turkey?
Art. 1 of Law No. 2954: it determines the principles and procedures relating to the regulation of broadcasts made by radio, television and all media,
Press LawTRT Legislation in Turkey: A Guide to Law No. 2954
TRT Law No. 2954: the broadcasting principles, the periods of the right of reply, the liability regime, the retention period, the disciplinary penalti
Press LawReporting on Children in Turkey: Identity and Image Rules
Art. 21 of Press Law No. 5187: it is prohibited to publish in a way that will disclose the identity of, or lead to the recognition of, offenders or vi
Press LawRules for Film Posters, Prints and Postcards in Turkey
Additional Art. 2 of Law No. 1117: no publication of a harmful nature may be made in posters, advertisements, photographs, prints, postcards and calen
Press LawIs Applying a Voluntary 18+ Label Enough in Turkey?
Art. 4, final paragraph, of Law No. 1117: the relevant paragraphs of the article also apply to those who, without a Board decision, apply the "Harmful
Press LawRisk Checklist for Publishing Content Involving Children in Turkey
A pre-publication checklist of the child protection provisions in Law No. 1117, Press Law No. 5187 and Law No. 6112.
Press LawObjecting to a Harmful Publications Board Decision in Turkey
Art. 4/7 of Law No. 1117: the owners of works in respect of which three harmful publication decisions have been given may apply to the Board for an ex
Press LawAccelerated Trial in Harmful Publication Cases in Turkey
Additional Art. 3 of Law No. 1117: cases arising from the offences written in this Law are concluded within two months at the latest.
Press LawPublications Outside the Stamp Regime: Additional Article 2 in Turkey
Additional Art. 2 of Law No. 1117: no publication of a nature having a harmful effect on the morals of those under 18 may be made in periodicals appea
Press LawThe Mass Housing Fund Levy on Harmful Publications in Turkey
Additional Art. 1 of Law No. 1117: 25% for a voluntary stamp and 40% for a work found harmful by the Board is paid to the Treasury within one month, t
Press LawThe Ban on Reporting a Pending Examination in Turkey
Art. 10 of Law No. 1117: no publication may be made in daily newspapers and magazines to the effect that a work is being examined and will be restrict
Press LawThe Duty to Send Copies to the Harmful Publications Board in Turkey
Art. 8 of Law No. 1117: two copies of each printed work and of each issue of a periodical are sent to the Board Chairmanship on the working day follow
Press LawPenalties Under the Harmful Publications Law in Turkey
Art. 7 of Law No. 1117: those who publish unstamped, those who sell and display contrary to the limitations and those who sell without an envelope are
Press LawThe Science and Art Exception: Which Works Fall Outside in Turkey?
Art. 6 of Law No. 1117: works possessing intellectual, social, scientific and aesthetic value are outside the scope of this law.
Press LawCan a Publication Found Harmful Be Advertised in Turkey?
Art. 4/4-d of Law No. 1117: stamped works may not be advertised in newspapers, magazines, wall and hand bills, by radio and television or by other mea
Press LawSealed Sale, the Over-18 Warning and the Display Ban in Turkey
Art. 4/5 of Law No. 1117: such works may be sold only to those over 18 in an opaque envelope or bag; no writing or picture other than the name of the
Press LawMeasures Applied to a Publication Found Harmful in Turkey
Art. 4 of Law No. 1117: on notification the owners of the work must stamp "Harmful to minors" on the front cover; stamped works become subject to five
Press LawHow the Harmful Publications Board Examines a Publication in Turkey
Art. 3 of Law No. 1117: the Board may examine works of its own motion and also examines and decides applications by official authorities and by childr
Press LawThe Board for the Protection of Minors from Harmful Publications: Structure and Members
Art. 2 of Law No. 1117: the Board consists of five unit heads of the Ministry, one of them designated as chair by the Minister, and takes decisions by
Press LawWhat Is Law No. 1117? The Definition of a Harmful Publication in Turkey
Art. 1 of Law No. 1117: periodicals and other printed works found to have a harmful effect on the morals of those under 18 are subjected to limitation
Press LawHarmful Publications and Child Protection Legislation in Turkey
Law No. 1117: the Board, the examination procedure, the "Harmful to minors" stamp, sealed sale, the Mass Housing Fund levy, the penalties and the rule
Press LawIndividual Application to the Turkish Constitutional Court: A Guide for Journalists
Art. 148 of the Constitution: everyone may apply to the Constitutional Court alleging that one of their fundamental rights guaranteed in the Constitut
Press LawArticle 10 ECHR and Turkish Press Law
Art. 90/5 of the Constitution: where international agreements on fundamental rights duly put into force and statutes contain different provisions on t
Press LawPress Freedom versus Personality Rights in Turkey
Art. 26/2 of the Constitution treats the protection of the reputation, rights and private and family life of others as a ground of limitation; Art. 32
Press LawCan Press Equipment Be Seized in Turkey? The Constitutional Guarantee
Art. 30 of the Constitution: a printing house and press equipment may not be confiscated or forfeited on the ground that they are instruments of an of
Press LawThe Ban on Censorship: What Does the Turkish Constitution Say?
Art. 28/1 of the Constitution: the press is free and may not be censored. The prohibition concerns prior interference; post-publication responsibility
Press LawGrounds for Limiting Press Freedom in Turkey: The Table
Under Art. 28/4 of the Constitution, Arts. 26 and 27 apply in limiting press freedom: eleven grounds of limitation and the procedural conditions Art.
Press LawArticle 133 of the Turkish Constitution: RTUK and the Constitutional Status of Broadcasters
Art. 133 of the Constitution: establishing and operating radio and television stations is free within the framework of the conditions to be regulated
Press LawArticle 41 of the Turkish Constitution: Protection of the Family and Children's Rights
Art. 41 of the Constitution: every child has the right to protection and care; the State takes measures protecting children against all kinds of abuse
Press LawArticle 32 of the Turkish Constitution: The Right of Correction and Reply
Art. 32 of the Constitution: the right of correction and reply is recognised only where a person's dignity and honour has been touched or where public
Press LawArticle 31 of the Turkish Constitution: The Right to Use Mass Media
Art. 31 of the Constitution: individuals and political parties have the right to use mass communication and broadcasting facilities other than the pre
Press LawArticle 30 of the Turkish Constitution: The Protection of Press Equipment
Art. 30 of the Constitution: a printing house and its annexes and press equipment established as a press enterprise in conformity with the law may not
Press LawArticle 29 of the Turkish Constitution: The Right to Publish Periodicals and Non-Periodicals
Art. 29 of the Constitution: publication may not be made subject to prior permission or a financial guarantee; for a periodical it is enough to submit
Press LawArticle 28 of the Turkish Constitution: Freedom of the Press
Art. 28 of the Constitution: the press is free and may not be censored; establishing a printing house may not be made subject to permission or a finan
Press LawArticle 27 of the Turkish Constitution: Freedom of Science and Art
Art. 27 of the Constitution: everyone has the right to learn and teach, express and disseminate science and art freely, and to carry out research of e
Press LawArticle 26 of the Turkish Constitution: Freedom of Expression and Dissemination
Art. 26 of the Constitution: everyone has the right to express and disseminate their thoughts and opinions by speech, writing, pictures or other means
Press LawArticle 25 of the Turkish Constitution: Freedom of Thought and Opinion
Art. 25 of the Constitution: everyone has freedom of thought and opinion; no one may be compelled to reveal their thoughts and opinions, nor be blamed
Press LawArticle 22 of the Turkish Constitution: Freedom of Communication
Art. 22 of the Constitution: everyone has freedom of communication and the secrecy of communication is fundamental; communication may not be impeded n
Press LawArticle 13 of the Turkish Constitution: Proportionality in Limiting Fundamental Rights
Art. 13 of the Constitution: fundamental rights and freedoms may be limited only by law, on the grounds stated in the relevant articles of the Constit
Press LawThe Constitutional Basis of Press Freedom in Turkey
Arts. 13, 22, 25-32, 41, 90, 133 and 148 of the Constitution: the framework of press freedom, the grounds of limitation, the ban on censorship, the ri
Press LawProcurement Exemptions and Contracted Staff at the Turkish Directorate of Communications
Subparagraphs 3/b and 3/y of Law No. 4734 provide separate procedures and principles for the Directorate's procurements requiring security and those w
Press LawOverseas Assignments and Press Counsellorships in Turkey
Circular No. 2024/1 governs the calculation of travel allowances in temporary overseas assignments; the Regulation on Personnel to Be Appointed to Per
Press LawThe Internship Directive of the Turkish Directorate of Communications: For Students
Art. 8 of the Internship Directive: final-year associate and undergraduate students, vocational high school students and intermediate-year students un
Press LawFinancial Management at the Turkish Directorate of Communications: Internal Audit, Internal Control and Budget
Within the framework of Law No. 5018, the Internal Audit, Internal Control, Budget and Performance and Preliminary Financial Control directives establ
Press LawInformation Security and the Electronic Document System at the Turkish Directorate of Communications
The Information Security Policies Directive rests on the triad of confidentiality, integrity and availability; the EBYS Directive requires official co
Press LawIn-Service Training and Discipline at the Turkish Directorate of Communications
The In-Service Training Regulation and the permanent workers' discipline regulation: the Training Board meets every November; disciplinary superiors m
Press LawPromotion and Title Change at the Turkish Directorate of Communications
The Promotion and Title Change Regulation: the general conditions are the service period in Art. 68/B of Law No. 657, at least one year at the Directo
Press LawCommunication Expertise in Turkey: Entry Exam, Proficiency and Thesis
The Communication Expertise Regulation: an age limit of 35 for the entry exam; for appointment as an expert, at least three years of actual service, a
Press LawThe State Information System (DES): Rules of Use in Turkey
The DES Directive: applications are made through desbasvuru.iletisim.gov.tr, the subscription is personal and is renewed every 3 months by an activati
Press LawDomestic Foreign Language Training for Press Members in Turkey
Art. 3 of the Regulation: journalists who have at least a high school diploma, work actively in the press, hold a yellow press card and are not over 4
Press LawOverseas Professional Training and Internships for Press Members in Turkey
Art. 3 of the Regulation: journalists who have at least a high school diploma, work actively in the press, hold a yellow press card, are not over 50 a
Press LawThe Procedure for Petitions to Authorities in Turkey
Art. 74 of the Constitution: citizens, and foreigners resident in Turkey subject to the principle of reciprocity, have the right to apply in writing t
Press LawFrom BIMER to CIMER: The Public Application System in Turkey
BIMER, set up by Prime Ministry Circular No. 2006/3, became CIMER with the move to the presidential system of government. The ALO 150 line stayed the
Press LawWhy BYEGM Closed and How the Directorate of Communications Was Founded
Art. 122 of Decree-Law No. 703 repealed Decree-Law No. 231 on BYEGM; in its place the Directorate of Communications was founded by Presidential Decree
Press LawWhat Is CIMER? Applications and Response Times in Turkey
The Presidency Communication Centre Regulation (Official Gazette 4/6/2022-31856) governs applications under Petition Law No. 3071 and Right to Informa
Press LawThe Promotion Fund and the Turkish Directorate of Communications
Art. 15 of Presidential Decree No. 14: the Directorate examines projects that may benefit from the Promotion Fund and submits suitable ones to the Pre
Press LawThe Turkish Directorate of Communications: Organisation and Powers
Presidential Decree No. 14, the service units, 19 regional directorates, CIMER, the Promotion Fund, the Anadolu Agency relationship and the personnel
Press LawThe Turkish Directorate of Communications and Anadolu Agency
Art. 14 of Presidential Decree No. 14: the Directorate may make a contract with Anadolu Agency for up to five years, not exceeding the appropriation i
Press LawPublic Relations, Translation and Strategic Communication Departments in Turkey
Arts. 8 and 9 of Presidential Decree No. 14: the Public Relations Department handles freedom of information applications and CIMER activities; the Tra
Press LawThe Public Diplomacy Department in Turkey
Art. 6 of Presidential Decree No. 14: it conveys Turkey's international arguments and policy choices to international public opinion and carries out t
Press LawRegional Directorates of the Turkish Directorate of Communications
Art. 22 of Presidential Decree No. 14: the provincial organisation consists of regional directorates based in 19 provinces; press card applications ar
Press LawThe Press and Publications Department in Turkey
Art. 7 of Presidential Decree No. 14: it carries out accreditation, sets up press centres, strengthens the local press and issues press cards to Turki
Press LawDuties and Powers of the Head of Communications in Turkey
Art. 4 of Presidential Decree No. 14: the Head is the most senior officer of the Directorate and is directly responsible to the President for carrying
Press LawWhat Is Presidential Decree No. 14 in Turkey?
The Presidential Decree governing the establishment, organisation, duties and powers of the Directorate of Communications (Official Gazette 24/7/2018-
Press LawWorking as a Foreign Journalist in Turkey
Work permits, residence, press card types, the letter of introduction, filming and research permissions and customs facilities: the legislation on for
Press LawHow Reciprocity Affects Foreign Journalists in Turkey
Art. 9 of the Press Card Regulation: even where the conditions are met, a card may be issued "having regard also to the principle of reciprocity". Art
Press LawStaff of Turkish Media Organisations Broadcasting Abroad
Art. 7/1-ç of the Press Card Regulation: a press card may be issued to the Turkish citizen owners and employees of media outlets broadcasting a
Press LawNotification and Card Return Duties for Foreign Journalists in Turkey
Art. 41 of the Press Card Regulation: written notification and return of the card within one month where the duty ends, the address changes or Turkish
Press LawForeigners Filming and Researching in Turkey
The Principles in Decision No. 88/12839: prior permission and an escort are required for scientific research and archaeological excavation; gathering
Press LawCustoms Facilities for Foreign Media Organisations in Turkey
Council of Ministers Decision No. 87/12201: professional tools and equipment and vehicles are exempt from customs duties, fees and charges; the vehicl
Press LawThe Circular on Interviews with Foreign Press Members in Turkey (1994/53)
Prime Ministry Circular No. 1994/53 provides for foreign press interview requests to public institutions and ministerial offices to be handled through
Press LawResidence Permits for Foreign Journalists in Turkey
Art. 27 of Law No. 6458: a valid work permit counts as a residence permit. Art. 26/2 also requires address registration within twenty working days.
Press LawExceptional Work Permit Assessment in Turkey
Art. 16 of Law No. 6735 allows exceptions to be granted to certain foreigners in applying Arts. 7, 9 and 10; temporary press card applications are ass
Press LawWork Permits for Foreign Journalists in Turkey
Art. 6/2 of Law No. 6735: it is prohibited for foreigners to work or be employed in Turkey without a work permit. The press card is tied to that permi
Press LawWhat Is a Letter of Introduction and Who Issues It in Turkey?
Art. 9/1-c of the Press Card Regulation: it is obtained from the embassy, legation or consulate in Turkey of the country where the head office of the
Press LawDocuments for a Foreign Journalist Press Card in Turkey
Art. 40 of the Press Card Regulation: the application is made by electronic form, uploading the assignment document, visa, letter of introduction, pas
Press LawThe Legal Definition of a Foreign Media Member in Turkey
Additional Art. 2 of Law No. 5187 and Art. 7 of the Press Card Regulation divide foreign media members into two groups by whether their area of duty c
Press LawTurkish News Agencies and Support Legislation
Agency conditions and quotas, the legal status of Anadolu Agency, the Promotion Fund, the 1999 suspension law and the 2018 alignment package: fourteen
Press LawDecree-Law No. 703: The 2018 Alignment of Turkish Press Legislation
Decree-Law No. 703 touched many statutes of press legislation in the move to the presidential system: Laws No. 195, 1117, 2954, 3230, 6112 and 4982 am
Press LawThe Repealed Decree-Law No. 231 and the BYEGM Era in Turkey
Art. 122 of Decree-Law No. 703: Decree-Law No. 231 of 8/6/1984 on the Organisation and Duties of the Directorate General of Press and Information was
Press LawConsequences of the 1999 Press Suspension Law in Turkey
Art. 2 of Law No. 4454: the suspension is conditional - if the person is convicted within three years of a covered intentional offence the suspended p
Press LawLaw No. 4454: The 1999 Press Suspension Law in Turkey
Law No. 4454 governs the suspension of proceedings and penalties for certain offences committed through the press or through oral and visual broadcast
Press LawWho Can Benefit from the Turkish Promotion Fund?
Law No. 3230 gives no list of beneficiaries; the frame is set by the purpose in Art. 1 and the spending procedure in Art. 4.
Press LawThe Turkish Promotion Fund: Resources and Use
Law No. 3230 establishes a Promotion Fund at the Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey under the President's direction; its resources and spending pr
Press LawThe Anadolu Agency Audit Directive
The Directive rests on Art. 14 of Presidential Decree No. 14 and provides for the Agency to be audited by the Directorate of Communications at least o
Press LawLaw No. 7: Anadolu Agency's Commercial Code Exemption
Law No. 7 of 1/7/1960 exempts Anadolu Agency Turkish Joint Stock Company from the adaptation provisions of the Commercial Code on joint stock companie
Press LawLaw No. 57: Anadolu Agency Property and Staff
Law No. 57 of 12/8/1960 treats the Agency's property as State property and its staff as officials in applying the Penal Code in three short articles;
Press LawThe Legal Status of Anadolu Agency
Anadolu Agency is a joint stock company; but its property counts as State property, its staff are treated as officials in applying the Penal Code, and
Press LawPress Card Quotas for News Agencies in Turkey
Art. 24 of the Press Card Regulation: agencies documenting the contract and staffing conditions get the owner or representative plus eighteen employee
Press LawWhat Counts as a News or Photograph Agency in Turkey?
Art. 4 of the Press Card Regulation defines news and photograph agencies as organisations that compile events occurring worldwide and nationally and t
Press LawCopyright, Data Protection and Access to Information in Turkish News
Quotation rights, source attribution, image use, reader data obligations and freedom of information requests: the three areas of law that meet when a
Press LawReporting on Leaked Documents: Legal Risk in Turkey
Three separate areas of law come into play: the source safeguard, the limits on publication, and criminal liability arising from the nature of the doc
Press LawFreedom of Panorama: Works in Public Places in Turkey
Art. 40 of Law No. 5846: works of fine art permanently placed on public roads, streets and squares may be reproduced, disseminated and displayed by dr
Press LawCopyright Article 36 Versus Press Law Article 24 in Turkey
They do not conflict; they protect different rights. Art. 36 of Law No. 5846 governs the freedom to quote, Art. 24 of Law No. 5187 the duty to cite an
Press LawThe News Exception: Using Extracts from Works in Turkey
Art. 37 of Law No. 5846: in connection with current events and in the nature of news, extracts from works may be taken and disseminated without exceed
Press LawIs a Press Review Free Under Turkish Law?
Art. 36 of Law No. 5846: even where the right of quotation has been reserved, articles and columns may be taken in abridged form as a press review and
Press LawFreedom to Reuse Newspaper Contents in Turkey
Art. 36 of Law No. 5846: daily news published by the press or radio may be freely quoted; for articles and columns it depends on whether the right of
Press LawQuotation Rights Under Turkish Copyright Law
Art. 35 of Law No. 5846 lists the cases in which quotation is permissible and requires two things: that the quotation be identifiable and that the sou
Press LawReader Data, Memberships and Newsletters Under Turkish Data Law
A news site collects data from its readers: comments, memberships, newsletters, cookies. There is no journalism exemption debate here; the general dat
Press LawDoes the Privacy Notice Duty Apply to News in Turkey?
The privacy notice duty rests on the data controller, and news production and reader data processing are assessed separately. The limits of the journa
Press LawSanctions When a Public Body Withholds Information in Turkey
Art. 29 of Law No. 4982: disciplinary provisions apply to officials and other public servants whose negligence, fault or intent is involved in applyin
Press LawFreedom of Information Annual Reports as a Data Journalism Source in Turkey
Art. 30 of Law No. 4982: bodies prepare an annual report of application statistics and send it to the Board by the end of February; the Board submits
Press LawRequesting Declassified Documents in Turkey
Art. 28 of Law No. 4982: information or documents whose classification has been lifted become open to information requests if they do not fall within
Press LawInformation Requests About Criminal Investigations in Turkey
Art. 20 of Law No. 4982: information and documents whose disclosure would lead to the commission of an offence or endanger questioning fall outside th
Press LawTrade Secret and Privacy Refusals of Information Requests in Turkey
Art. 23 of Law No. 4982 excludes trade secrets and Art. 21 the privacy of private life; Art. 21 allows disclosure in the public interest with seven da
Press LawState Secret Refusals of Information Requests in Turkey
Art. 16 of Law No. 4982: classified information and documents that would harm State security, foreign relations and national defence fall outside the
Press LawHow to File a Freedom of Information Request in Turkey
Art. 6 of Law No. 4982: an application is made by a petition containing name, surname, signature and place of residence or business address. It may al
Press LawWhat Journalists Can Request from Public Bodies in Turkey
Law No. 4982 applies to public institutions and to professional organisations with the character of public institutions, and ties the right to informa
Press LawTurkish Media Law: The Ancillary Legislation Map
Legal deposit, printing houses, elections, service of process, the broadcasting levy, transmission, advertising and damages: the legislation outside L
Press LawTurkish Commercial Advertising Rules for Media
Law No. 6112 defines commercial communication and sets limits for broadcasters. The Commercial Advertising and Unfair Commercial Practices Regulation
Press LawReading the Turkish Official Gazette and Entry into Force
The date and number in a legislative citation show which version of the text applies. Changes in press legislation are traced through those citations.
Press LawJournalists at Assemblies and Demonstrations in Turkey
Arts. 28 and 30 of the Constitution and Arts. 3, 12 and 22 of Law No. 5187 contain the core safeguards that shape a journalist's position at the scene
Press LawHow to Challenge an Administrative Fine in Turkish Media Law
Administrative fines in press legislation are imposed by different authorities. The objection procedure is governed by the Misdemeanours Law and can v
Press LawElectronic Communications Law and Broadcast Transmission in Turkey
Law No. 6112 refers to Electronic Communications Law No. 5809 for frequency allocation and transmission authorisation; the division of powers between
Press LawWhat Are Professional Press Organisations in Turkey?
Art. 4 of the Press Card Regulation defines them: the associations, foundations and unions formed by the staff, owners, legal person representatives o
Press LawMandatory Union Notices in Newspapers in Turkey
Press Advertising Agency Principle Decision No. 126: notices unions and confederations must publish by law count as official announcements under Art.
Press LawPublishing Opinion Polls During Elections in Turkey
Art. 55/B of Law No. 298: publishing opinion research, polls and predictions is prohibited in the ten days before polling day; outside that period thr
Press LawPenalties for Breaching Election Broadcast Bans in Turkey
Art. 151 of Law No. 298: those who make publications for that purpose after 6 p.m. on the day before polling day are punished with three months to one
Press LawHow to Open a Printing House in Turkey
Printing Houses Law No. 5681 makes opening a printing house subject to a declaration. Agency Principle Decision No. 176 sets out the contents of that
Press LawPress Law Delivery Versus Legal Deposit in Turkey
Art. 2 of Law No. 6279 says it plainly: copies given under the Press Law and the Printing Houses Law fall outside legal deposit. They are two separate
Press LawAre Legal Deposit Copies Tax Deductible in Turkey?
Art. 12 of Law No. 6279: the cost price of works given as deposit copies is taken into account as an expense in determining profit.
Press LawPenalty for Breaching the Legal Deposit Duty in Turkey
Art. 10 of Law No. 6279: an administrative fine is applied for each copy, by the highest civil administrator of the place where the deposit is made.
Press LawHow Many Legal Deposit Copies and Where They Go in Turkey
Art. 8 of Law No. 6279: six copies as a rule; local and regional newspapers send two, to the National Library and the public library of the province o
Press LawWho Is Liable for Legal Deposit in Turkey?
Art. 3 of Law No. 6279: the natural or legal person obliged to give the deposit copies to the legal deposit directorate or to the legal deposit units.
Press LawTurkish Legal Deposit Law: The Mandatory Copy Obligation
Law No. 6279 requires reproduced intellectual and artistic works to be sent to designated libraries. It is a separate duty from the delivery in Art. 1
Press LawStarting a Media Outlet in Turkey: The Complete Guide
Everything about starting a newspaper, magazine, news site, news agency, radio or television station: declaration, imprint, responsible editor, delive
Press LawRemedies When a Newspaper's Distribution Is Blocked in Turkey
Art. 23 of Law No. 5187 caps the distribution fee and frees the retailer; Art. 22 ties blocking distribution by violence or threat to imprisonment.
Press LawCan a Turkish Newspaper Be Seized?
Art. 25 of Law No. 5187: a prosecutor may seize at most three copies as evidence; seizing the whole print run is possible only for the listed offences
Press LawWhen Can Publication Be Suspended in Turkey?
Art. 8 of Law No. 5187: if a declaration deficiency is not cured, the prosecutor asks the criminal court of first instance to suspend publication. The
Press LawDo You Need Permission for a Student Newspaper in Turkey?
No permission is needed under Art. 29 of the Constitution and Art. 7 of Law No. 5187. But the responsible editor must be 18, and a minor owner needs a
Press LawDo Newsletters and House Magazines Need a Declaration in Turkey?
Art. 6 of Law No. 5187 allows public institutions to own periodicals; a bulletin published at particular intervals falls within Art. 2/c and becomes s
Press LawIs an Annual Publication a Periodical in Turkey?
The measure in Art. 2 of Law No. 5187 is "publication at particular intervals"; the interval may be a year. But the one-year forfeiture period in Art.
Press LawWhat Publication Interval Makes a Magazine a Periodical in Turkey?
Art. 2/c of Law No. 5187 defines a periodical as works "published at particular intervals"; the Law sets no minimum frequency. The Press Card Regulati
Press LawIs a Turkish Newspaper Free to Set Its Cover Price?
No provision sets the price; but Art. 15 of the Press Card Regulation requires "offering for sale at market price" and Art. 23 of Law No. 5187 caps th
Press LawMinimum Page Count for a Turkish Newspaper
There is no general minimum page count in the legislation. Page count is one of the three multipliers in the surface area formula that sets the press
Press LawMust a Newspaper Be Printed Where It Is Published in Turkey?
Arts. 17, 45 and 75 of Agency Decision No. 67 require printing within the place of publication; Principle Decision No. 141 relaxes that condition.
Press LawDoes a Digital Press Count as a Printing House in Turkey?
Press Advertising Agency Principle Decision No. 176: no type of desktop digital printing machine has the character of a printing house press.
Press LawMust a Turkish Newspaper Be Printed at a Printing House?
Art. 15/f of the Press Card Regulation requires that it "has not been reproduced by methods other than a printing house"; Art. 5 of Agency Decision No
Press LawCan a Publication Type Be Changed Later in Turkey?
For a periodical the type is shown on the declaration and a change is notified within two weeks under Art. 8 of Law No. 5187. In broadcasting the type
Press LawNational, Regional and Local Publication Types in Turkey
Art. 2 of Law No. 5187: a national publication covers at least 70 per cent of the country with at least one province in every geographical region; reg
Press LawWhat to Notify When a Turkish Newspaper Closes
Art. 9 of Law No. 5187: a declaration becomes void if publication is interrupted for three years. On closure the Art. 9 notifications of Law No. 5953
Press LawChanging the Domain of a Turkish News Site
On an internet news site the domain is tied to the name on the declaration and to the imprint; a change is notified within two weeks under Art. 8 of L
Press LawCan a Turkish Newspaper Change Its Name?
Art. 8 of Law No. 5187: every change in the content of the declaration is notified to the same authority within two weeks by a new declaration. The na
Press LawHow to Get a VOD Licence in Turkey
Arts. 19 and 29/A of Law No. 6112: an on-demand broadcasting service needs a company formed exclusively for the purpose and an RTUK licence; one compa
Press LawAre Podcasts Regulated by RTUK in Turkey?
The word "podcast" does not appear in Law No. 6112. The measure is whether the activity is a broadcasting service - specifically an on-demand service
Press LawDo You Need an RTUK Licence to Stream Online in Turkey?
Art. 29/A of Law No. 6112: media service providers wishing to offer radio, television and on-demand broadcasting services solely over the internet mus
Press LawForeign Ownership Limits in Turkish Media Companies
Art. 19/1-f of Law No. 6112: direct total foreign capital may not exceed fifty per cent of the paid-in capital; one foreigner may be a direct partner
Press LawCan a Turkish Broadcasting Licence Be Transferred?
Art. 27/3 of Law No. 6112: an organisation granted a terrestrial broadcasting licence cannot transfer those licence rights; one deciding to stop retur
Press LawHow Long a Turkish Broadcasting Licence Lasts
Art. 27/2 of Law No. 6112: the broadcasting licence period is ten years. Terrestrial capacity vacated at the end of the period is re-tendered by the S
Press LawLicences Needed to Start a Television Channel in Turkey
Art. 27 of Law No. 6112: a separate RTUK broadcasting licence for each technique and environment; terrestrial broadcasting also runs through frequency
Press LawHow to Start a Radio Station in Turkey
Art. 19 of Law No. 6112: a broadcasting licence is issued only to joint stock companies formed exclusively to provide broadcasting services; Art. 27 r
Press LawHow Long Internet News Site Content Must Be Retained in Turkey
Art. 10 of Law No. 5187: content is retained for two years, with accuracy and integrity ensured, to be delivered to a requesting public prosecutor's o
Press LawPenalty for Failing the Copy Delivery Duty in Turkey
Art. 17 of Law No. 5187: a printer who fails the delivery duty, and the responsible editor of an internet news site who fails the delivery and retenti
Press LawWhere Mandatory Copies Are Sent in Turkey
Art. 10 of Law No. 5187 directs copies to the local public prosecutor's office; Art. 15 of the Press Card Regulation additionally requires delivery to
Press LawHow Many Copies a Newspaper Must Deliver in Turkey
Art. 10 of Law No. 5187: the printer must deliver two signed copies of every publication printed to the local public prosecutor's office on the day of
Press LawCan a Legal Person Own a Publication in Turkey?
Art. 6 of Law No. 5187: natural and legal persons and public institutions may own a periodical. For a legal person, the conditions in Art. 5 are sough
Press LawHow Many Publications Can One Responsible Editor Serve in Turkey?
Law No. 5187 sets no numerical limit. The limit comes from being able actually to perform the duties the articles impose.
Press LawConditions for a Responsible Editor in Turkey
Art. 5 of Law No. 5187 lists six conditions: being 18, residing permanently in Turkey, secondary education, no incapacity or debarment, no conviction
Press LawIs Appointing a Responsible Editor Mandatory in Turkey?
Art. 5 of Law No. 5187: every periodical has a responsible editor. Where there is more than one, the section each is responsible for is stated.
Press LawPenalty for Publishing Without an Imprint in Turkey
Art. 15 of Law No. 5187: where the information in Art. 4 is not shown or is shown untruly, the responsible editor and the official they report to are
Press LawWhat Must a Turkish Newspaper Imprint Contain?
Art. 4 of Law No. 5187: place and date of printing, the printer's and publisher's names, trade names and addresses; for periodicals also the place of
Press LawIs a YouTube Channel an Internet News Site in Turkey?
Law No. 5187 uses the phrase "internet news site" but does not define it. Video publishing may also fall under Art. 29/A of Law No. 6112; the two regi
Press LawIs a Blogger a Journalist Under Turkish Law?
Art. 1 of Law No. 5953 defines a journalist as a person working for a wage in intellectual and artistic work at the covered places. A blogger writing
Press LawWhat Counts as an Internet News Site in Turkey?
Art. 2/c of Law No. 5187 treats internet news sites as periodicals; acquiring the status depends on the declaration and on meeting the duties in Arts.
Press LawMust an Internet News Site File a Declaration in Turkey?
Law No. 7418 brought internet news sites within Law No. 5187; they were added to the definition of periodical in Art. 2/c and became subject to the de
Press LawWhat Happens If a Press Declaration Is Incomplete in Turkey?
Art. 8 of Law No. 5187: the prosecutor asks for the deficiency to be cured within two weeks; if it is not, suspension is sought from the criminal cour
Press LawPublishing Without Filing a Declaration in Turkey
Law No. 5187 has no standalone article penalising the failure to file; the mechanism runs through the Art. 8 deficiency-suspension chain and the final
Press LawDo You Need Permission to Publish a Newspaper in Turkey?
Art. 29 of the Constitution: publication may not be made subject to prior permission or the deposit of financial security. Art. 7 of Law No. 5187 trea
Press LawHow to Start a Newspaper in Turkey
Art. 7 of Law No. 5187: filing a declaration with the public prosecutor's office for the place of management is sufficient. No licence or permission i
Press LawPress Card for a Journalist on a Short Assignment in Turkey
Arts. 12 and 40/2 of the Press Card Regulation: three documents plus the period of duty and field of work; the card cannot exceed the period of duty.
Press LawTemporary vs Fixed-Term Press Card in Turkey
Arts. 11 and 12 of the Press Card Regulation: the distinction rests on whether the journalist's area of duty covers Turkey.
Press LawCan a Foreign Journalist Get a Press Traffic Card in Turkey?
Art. 44/3 of the Press Card Regulation: press traffic cards are not issued to foreign media members.
Press LawCan a Foreign Journalist Get a Permanent Press Card in Turkey?
Art. 14/3 of the Press Card Regulation: a permanent press card cannot be issued to foreign media members.
Press LawCan the Same Person Be Owner and Reporter in Turkey?
The quota articles count the owner and the employees separately; and Press Advertising Agency Principle Decision No. 171 bars partners from the minimu
Press LawMust the Responsible Editor Live Where the Paper Is Published?
Art. 19/1-ç of the Press Card Regulation: at daily political newspapers the responsible editor can get a card provided they live where the pape
Press LawPress Cards for Foreign Bureau Staff in Turkey
It depends on the type of publication: no limit for national broadcasters and large newspapers, at most 25 per cent for local newspapers, and none for
Press LawPress Card Quota for Local Television in Turkey
Art. 26/2-c of the Press Card Regulation: cards are issued to the board chairs of locally broadcasting television outlets together with ten employees.
Press LawPress Card Quota for Local Radio in Turkey
Art. 26/2-d of the Press Card Regulation: cards are issued to the board chairs of locally broadcasting radio outlets together with two employees.
Press LawPress Card Quota for Internet News Sites in Turkey
Art. 27/2 of the Press Card Regulation: the quota is set by the number of employees insured under Law No. 5953; sites with ten or more face no limit.
Press LawHow Many Press Cards a Magazine Can Get in Turkey
For magazines the quota looks at page count. For weekly political magazines: 25 employees at 100+ pages, 9 at 60-99, 2 at 30-59; below 30 pages no app
Press LawHow Many Press Cards a Daily Newspaper Can Get in Turkey
Art. 19/2 of the Regulation: no limit for domestic bureaux above 1.20 m²; for local newspapers the quota is 8, 3 or 1 employee by surface area.
Press LawHow Turkish Press Card Quotas Are Set
The quota does not rest on a single measure: surface area for newspapers, page count for magazines, insured employees for news sites, broadcast scale
Press LawWhich Job Titles Can Get a Turkish Press Card?
The Regulation gives separate title lists by media type in Arts. 19 to 27. An application under a title not on the list is not accepted.
Press LawWhat Happens to Press Cards If the Outlet Loses Its Conditions?
Art. 38/1-b of the Regulation: where the media outlet does not have, or subsequently loses, the qualities in Chapter Four, the press card is cancelled
Press LawPress Card Conditions for Radio and Television in Turkey
Art. 17 of the Regulation: lawful broadcasting licences under Law No. 6112, compliance with broadcasting principles and programme type ratios, regular
Press LawPress Card Conditions for News Agencies in Turkey
Art. 16 of the Regulation: regular publication, delivery of work within five days, at least five journalists on staff under Law No. 5953, and a paid n
Press LawPress Card Conditions for Newspapers and Magazines in Turkey
Art. 15 of the Regulation lists nine conditions: declaration and receipt, the one-third limits on advertising and quotation, regular publication, prin
Press LawHow Turkish Press Card Audits Work
Art. 42 of the Regulation: the Directorate checks the validity of cards at intervals and may request approved staff lists and professional work from o
Press LawWhat Is the Turkish Press Traffic Card?
Art. 44 of the Regulation: it may be issued to press card holders on request. The procedures are set jointly by the Directorate and the Ministry of In
Press LawCan a Cancelled Turkish Press Card Be Reissued?
It depends on the ground: immediately once a lost condition is restored, one year after return for an ethics breach, and only after action under Law N
Press LawLetting Someone Else Use Your Turkish Press Card
Art. 38/1-c of the Regulation: where it is established that the card, or a card issued in connection with it, has been let out for use by another, the
Press LawNotifying a Job Title Change for a Turkish Press Card
Art. 36 of the Regulation: changes of workplace and title are notified in writing to the Directorate within one month, by the press member and by the
Press LawWhen Must a Turkish Press Card Be Returned?
Art. 37 of the Regulation: the card is returned to the Directorate within one month on a change of workplace or title, on leaving a job, and on cancel
Press LawWhen Is a Turkish Press Card Cancelled?
Art. 38 of the Regulation lists four grounds: the holder losing the conditions, the outlet losing them, letting someone else use the card, and breachi
Press LawWhat to Do If You Lose Your Turkish Press Card
Art. 45 of the Regulation: apply to the Directorate in case of loss or wear. The request may be made at most twice in a calendar year, and no Commissi
Press LawHow Long Is a Turkish Press Card Valid?
Art. 47 of the Regulation: the validity period is ten years. Expired cards are renewed by the Directorate without a fresh Commission decision if the c
Press LawCan a Freelance Journalist Get a Turkish Press Card?
The Regulation's main route assumes employment with an outlet. For independents there is a separate and narrow door.
Press LawCan a Trainee Journalist Get a Press Card in Turkey?
The Regulation never uses the word "trainee", and Art. 28 requires a document evidencing at least six months of professional work at the point of appl
Press LawCan an Association or Union Officer Get a Press Card in Turkey?
Art. 7/1-f of the Press Card Regulation: cards may be issued to officers of unions and of public-interest associations and foundations, provided they
Press LawCan Corporate Communications Staff Get a Press Card in Turkey?
Art. 7/2 of the Press Card Regulation: no card may be issued to the personnel engaged in publishing activities of private sector organisations not ser
Press LawCan an Accountant Get a Turkish Press Card?
Accounting titles appear in none of the Regulation's title lists, and Art. 26/2-f bars cards for those not working in the news field.
Press LawCan Advertising and Marketing Staff Get a Press Card in Turkey?
Advertising and marketing titles do not appear in the Regulation's title lists, and Art. 26/2-f bars cards for those not working in the news field.
Press LawCan You Work as a Journalist Without a Press Card in Turkey?
No. Art. 3 of Law No. 5187 says the press is free; a press card is not a licence to operate but an official identity document.
Press LawCan a Turkish Press Card Get You a Service-Stamped Passport?
A separate Directorate of Communications directive governs this: press card holders assigned abroad temporarily and permanent card holders resident in
Press LawWhat a Turkish Press Card Entitles You To
Art. 5 of the Press Card Regulation makes the card an official identity document accepted by all public and private institutions; Art. 44 provides the
Press LawIs Printing a Press Card Lookalike an Offence in Turkey?
Art. 46 of the Press Card Regulation: producing or using a card resembling an official press card in typesetting, background, layout, shape and colour
Press LawCan a Permanent Turkish Press Card Be Withdrawn?
A permanent card is issued "for life" but is not untouchable: Art. 38 of the Regulation draws no distinction between card types when listing cancellat
Press LawCan a Retired Journalist Hold a Turkish Press Card?
Art. 14 of the Press Card Regulation: a permanent press card may be issued for life to media members with at least eighteen years of professional serv
Press LawPress Card After a Criminal Record Is Expunged in Turkey
Art. 38/3 of the Press Card Regulation: no new card is issued unless action under Arts. 12 and/or 13/A of Criminal Records Law No. 5352 is established
Press LawDoes a Criminal Record Bar a Turkish Press Card?
Art. 8 of the Press Card Regulation lists specific offences and bars them even if the periods in Art. 53 of the Penal Code have elapsed. Not every cri
Press LawApplying for a Free Press Card After Leaving a Job in Turkey
Art. 13/2-b of the Press Card Regulation: you must apply within one month of leaving an outlet where you had worked for at least one year.
Press LawHow Long a Career Break Costs You Your Turkish Press Card
Art. 8/1-f of the Press Card Regulation: save for force majeure, you must work without a break of more than one month from the date you leave a job.
Press LawCan a Turkish Press Card Holder Run a Business?
Art. 8/1-g of the Press Card Regulation bars commercial activity outside media activity - but Art. 8/2 exempts several groups, including publication o
Press LawIs a University Degree Required for a Turkish Press Card?
Art. 8/1-b of the Press Card Regulation requires graduation from at least a high school or an equivalent institution. A university degree is not requi
Press LawMinimum Age for a Turkish Press Card
Art. 8/1-a of the Press Card Regulation and Additional Art. 3/1-a of Law No. 5187: you must have completed 18 years of age. There is no upper age limi
Press LawIs the Turkish Press Card Free?
Article 48 of the Press Card Regulation: a card fee and a service fee for printing and distribution may be charged, provided they do not exceed cost.
Press LawCan You Sue Over a Refused Turkish Press Card?
The Regulation lays down no appeal or litigation route. A refusal is an administrative act; what the Regulation offers is curing the defect and reappl
Press LawWhat Is the Quorum of the Turkish Press Card Commission?
Article 34 of the Press Card Regulation: the Commission meets with at least thirteen members and holds at least three ordinary meetings a year.
Press LawHow Is the Turkish Press Card Commission Composed?
Article 30 of the Press Card Regulation: the Commission has nineteen members in total, and members serve for two years.
Press LawWho Approves a Turkish Press Card Application?
The process has two stages: the Directorate checks the conditions and refers qualifying files to the Commission (Art. 29); the Press Card Commission d
Press LawWhat Is the Professional Service Certificate for a Turkish Press Card?
Article 28/1 of the Press Card Regulation: a passport photograph and a document evidencing at least six months of professional work must be uploaded d
Press LawCan a Public Information Officer Get a Turkish Press Card?
Yes. A duty-based press card may be issued to public personnel working at public institutions providing media services and in information services; a
Press LawHow Long Does a Turkish Press Card Application Take?
The Regulation sets no fixed period. What governs is the Commission's meeting schedule: at least three ordinary meetings a year, with the agenda final
Press LawWhat Happens If a Turkish Press Card Application Is Refused?
Refusal can come at two stages: by the Directorate where the conditions are not met, or by the Commission once the file reaches it. A fresh applicatio
Press LawWhat Documents Are Required for a Turkish Press Card?
A passport photograph and a six-month professional service certificate are mandatory. The outlet supplies the declaration and receipt, information off
Press LawHow Do You Apply for a Turkish Press Card?
The application is made by completing the declaration on the Directorate of Communications website electronically. A passport photograph and a profess
Press LawCan Internet News Site Staff Get a Turkish Press Card?
Yes. Article 18 of the Regulation sets the conditions the site must satisfy, and Article 27 the eligible job titles and a quota tied to the number of
Press LawWho Cannot Get a Turkish Press Card?
Article 7/2 of the Regulation provides that a card cannot be issued to publishing staff of private sector organisations not providing media services,
Press LawCan a Foreign Journalist Get a Turkish Press Card?
Yes. Foreign media members may be issued a fixed-term or temporary press card; the conditions are in Articles 9, 39 and 40 of the Regulation. A perman
Press LawWho Can Get a Free Press Card in Turkey?
Article 13 of the Press Card Regulation: issued to Turkish citizens temporarily not working or freelancing abroad. The application window is one month
Press LawHow Do You Get a Permanent Press Card in Turkey?
Article 14 of the Press Card Regulation: issued for life to media members with at least 18 years of professional service. At most 24 months of free-ca
Press LawWhat Are the Types of Turkish Press Card?
The Press Card Regulation recognises five types: duty-based, fixed-term, temporary, free and permanent. Each differs in who receives it and for how lo
Press LawThe Turkish Press Card: A Complete Guide
Turkish press card types, general conditions, application, the commission, outlet requirements, quotas, cancellation and return — with article numbers
Press LawDoes a Staffer Without a Press Card Count on the Payroll in Turkey?
The press card and the minimum intellectual worker staff are two separate regimes. The card is assessed by the Directorate of Communications, the staf
Press LawHow Is Social Security Registration Done for Journalists in Turkey?
Article 23 of Law 5953 on social insurance was repealed in 1964. Two provisions remain in force: the premiums on additional payments in Article 14 and
Press LawWho Audits Journalist Wages in Turkey?
Under Article 24 of Law 5953 monitoring, supervision and inspection are carried out by the Ministry of Labour; under Article 30 administrative fines a
Press LawCan a Journalist Appear on Two Publications' Payrolls in Turkey?
The minimum staff condition in the Press Advertising Agency decision requires that no work is done outside the staff duty and that the person resides
Press LawCan an Owner Appear on Their Own Newspaper's Payroll in Turkey?
Principle Decision No. 171 of the General Assembly of the Press Advertising Agency rules that those holding the status of company partner or board mem
Press LawDo Journalists Have Union Rights in Turkey?
Article 22 of Law 5953 on unions was repealed in 1963. Union rights today arise from general union legislation and from Article 51 of the Constitution
Press LawAre Freelance Journalists Covered by Law No. 5953 in Turkey?
Article 1 of Law 5953 uses the test of "working for a wage". The difference between independent work and working for a wage determines which regime ap
Press LawIs a Social Media Editor an Intellectual Worker in Turkey?
Article 1 of Law 5953 uses the nature of the work, not the job title: it must be intellectual and artistic work outside the Labour Law definition of "
Press LawWhich Law Covers Broadcast Newsroom Staff in Turkey?
Article 1 of Law 5953 limits its scope to newspapers, internet news sites, periodicals and news and photo agencies. Radio and television are not on th
Press LawWhat Is the Limitation Period for Journalist Claims in Turkey?
Law No. 5953 does not provide a limitation period; there is no such provision in the statutory text. The period is determined under the general rules.
Press LawThe Penalty for Employing a Journalist Without a Written Contract
Article 26(a) of Law 5953: an employer who does not make a written contract in the form required by Article 4 is fined for each contract. The fine run
Press LawDoes a Journalist Who Resigns Get Severance Pay in Turkey?
Article 6 of Law 5953 regulates severance for a journalist "whose service is terminated under this article". Termination by the journalist is dealt wi
Press LawCan a Journalist's Vested Rights Be Reduced in Turkey?
Article 25 of Law 5953: the obligations falling on the employer as a result of applying this Law cannot be relied on as a reason for reducing journali
Press LawWhich Court Hears Journalist Employment Claims in Turkey?
Additional Article 4 of Law 5953: legal disputes arising from any claim of right under this Law are heard by the labour courts.
Press LawWhere Is a Journalist's Contract Notified in Turkey?
Article 9 of Law 5953: the making of the contract by the employer, and its termination by the terminating party, is notified within 15 days by declara
Press LawCan a Non-Compete Clause Bind a Journalist in Turkey?
Article 13 of Law 5953: clauses restricting a journalist's freedom to practise their profession after the contract ends are void. During employment, o
Press LawWhat Is Paid to the Family on a Journalist's Death in Turkey?
Article 18 of Law 5953: where the contract ends on the journalist's death, a death benefit in the amount of the severance entitlement — but not less t
Press LawWhat Happens to Staff Pay When a Publication Closes in Turkey?
Article 17 of Law 5953: staff at a periodical whose publication is suspended for any reason receive their wages for two months from the date of suspen
Press LawDoes a Detained Journalist Continue to Be Paid in Turkey?
Article 17 of Law 5953: a journalist whose liberty is restricted because of a publication in their own outlet continues to receive their wage. Two sit
Press LawMaternity Leave and Pay for Journalists in Turkey
Article 16 of Law 5953: a female journalist is treated as on leave from the seventh month of pregnancy to the end of the second month after the birth,
Press LawWhat Happens to a Journalist's Pay During Military Service in Turkey?
Article 16 of Law 5953 recognises three situations: full pay during drills and manoeuvres, the same regime for three months on mobilisation, and half
Press LawCan a Sick Journalist's Contract Be Terminated in Turkey?
Article 12 of Law 5953: no termination on grounds of illness. Where the illness extends beyond six months, termination is possible with compensation;
Press LawDo Journalists Have Job Security Protection in Turkey?
The last paragraph of Article 6 of Law 5953 applies Articles 18, 19, 20, 21 and 29 of the Labour Law by analogy — so valid reason, dismissal procedure
Press LawWhen Can a Journalist Terminate Immediately in Turkey?
Article 11 of Law 5953 gives a right of immediate termination where there is an obvious change in the direction and character of the publication that
Press LawCan a Journalist's Severance Pay Be Paid in Instalments?
In a limited way. Article 6 of Law 5953 allows division into at most four instalments over up to one year where the employer is financially unable to
Press LawDoes Taking Severance Pay Reset a Journalist's Seniority?
As a rule yes: seniority is calculated from the date of entering the new job. But Article 6 of Law 5953 expressly permits an agreement to the contrary
Press LawHow Is a Journalist's Seniority Calculated in Turkey?
Article 6 of Law 5953 provides that seniority is calculated from first entry into the profession — fundamentally different from the Law 4857 regime, w
Press LawHow Do Journalists Qualify for Severance Pay in Turkey?
The Constitutional Court annulled the first paragraph of Article 6 of Law 5953 on 4/5/2023. Under the text in force, seniority runs from first entry i
Press LawHow Long Is the Notice Period for Journalists in Turkey?
On termination by the employer: one month under five years' seniority, three months at five years and above. On termination by the journalist: one mon
Press LawWhat Is the Penalty for Denying a Journalist Annual Leave?
Article 29 of Law 5953 creates a two-layer sanction: an administrative fine of three times the total leave pay, plus payment of the wage due to the jo
Press LawWhat Compassionate Leave Do Journalists Get in Turkey?
Article 19 of Law 5953 provides between two and four days of paid leave for birth, death and marriage, and states that this leave does not count again
Press LawHow Many Weekly Rest Days Do Journalists Get in Turkey?
Article 19 of Law 5953: one paid rest day after every six days of actual work, and two days in work requiring continuous night working.
Press LawWhich Seniority Counts for a Journalist's Annual Leave?
Total service in the profession. Article 21 of Law 5953 provides that seniority is determined by time in the profession, whether the contract continue
Press LawHow Much Annual Leave Do Journalists Get in Turkey?
Article 21 of Law 5953: four weeks of paid leave for a journalist with at least one year at a daily periodical, and six weeks for one with more than t
Press LawWhat Is the Penalty for Unpaid Journalist Overtime in Turkey?
Additional Article 3 of Law 5953 imposes an administrative fine of five times the unpaid or underpaid amount on an employer who does not pay overtime.
Press LawHow Is Work After Midnight Paid for Journalists in Turkey?
Additional Article 1 of Law 5953 requires overtime hours falling after 00:00 to be paid at double — a rule with no equivalent in Labour Law No. 4857.
Press LawHow Is Journalist Overtime Pay Calculated in Turkey?
Normal overtime is paid at 50% above the hourly rate; hours falling after midnight are paid at double. Payment is made together with the following wag
Press LawWhat Are the Daily Working Hours for Journalists in Turkey?
Additional Article 1 of Law 5953 sets an eight-hour day, in both the day and night cycles, for journalists working continuously at the establishment,
Press LawWhat Happens If a Journalist's Wage Is Paid Late in Turkey?
The 5% daily late-payment surcharge in the Law was annulled by the Constitutional Court. The sanction in force today is the administrative fine in Art
Press LawIs Separate Pay Owed for Work Outside the Contract?
Article 15 of Law 5953 requires separate pay for work assigned outside the contract and for commissioned pieces or pieces accepted for publication, an
Press LawIs an Annual Bonus Mandatory for Journalists in Turkey?
Yes. Article 14 of Law 5953 requires a bonus of at least one month's wage at the end of each year of service — an obligation with no equivalent in Lab
Press LawMust Journalist Wages Be Paid Through a Bank in Turkey?
The paragraph added to Article 14 of Law 5953 by Law No. 5754 requires wages, premiums and bonuses to be paid into a bank account for employers within
Press LawWhen Must a Journalist Be Paid in Turkey?
Article 14 of Law 5953 requires the wage to be paid monthly in advance. Advance payment also means no repayment obligation where the contract is termi
Press LawLaw 5953 vs Labour Law 4857: What Are the Differences?
Journalists in Turkey are not covered by Labour Law No. 4857 but by Law No. 5953. Seniority, leave, the annual bonus, overtime and termination compare
Press LawHow Long Is the Probation Period for Journalists in Turkey?
Article 10 of Law 5953 sets a maximum probation period of 3 months for journalists entering the profession for the first time and caps trainees at 10%
Press LawMust a Journalist's Contract Be in Writing in Turkey?
Article 4 of Law 5953 requires a written contract and requires it to state three items: the nature of the work, the amount of the wage and the journal
Press LawAre Internet News Site Staff Covered by Law No. 5953?
Yes. Law No. 7418 added internet news sites to Article 1 of Law 5953, and since 18/10/2022 the intellectual workers of those sites are journalists.
Press LawWho Is a Journalist? Who Does Turkish Law No. 5953 Cover?
Article 1 of Law 5953 defines a journalist, lists the organisations within scope, adds internet news sites through Law 7418, and Article 2 carves out
Press LawJournalists' Employment Rights in Turkey: The Complete Guide
In Turkey journalists are not covered by Labour Law No. 4857 but by Law No. 5953. Contracts, pay, the annual bonus, overtime, leave, notice periods an
Press LawLegal Limits of News Reporting in Turkey: Master Guide
Fifty-five legal limits on news reporting in Turkey on one page: identity restrictions and the presumption of innocence, recording in courthouses, hid
Press LawWhat Happens If You Breach a Publication Ban in Turkey?
For radio and television Article 7/4 of Law No. 6112 builds a four-step ladder ending in licence revocation. Breach of the closed hearing prohibition
Press LawWhat to Do When a Publication Ban Arrives in Turkey
First identify the source of the decision: is it a court order under Article 187/3 of the Criminal Procedure Code, a temporary ban under Article 7 of
Press LawWho Do You Sue Over a News Report in Turkey?
In a criminal case liability is staged and rests as a rule on the author of the work (Law No. 5187, Art. 11). In a damages claim the author, the owner
Press LawWhich Court Has Jurisdiction Over Press Cases in Turkey?
Article 27 of Law No. 5187 divides criminal cases between the assize and the criminal court of first instance and, where there is more than one chambe
Press LawWhat Is the Filing Deadline for a Press Case in Turkey?
Article 26 of Law No. 5187 treats the period as a condition of prosecution: four months for daily periodicals and online news sites, six months for ot
Press LawWhat Is the Limitation Period for Moral Damages in Turkey?
Article 72 of the Code of Obligations sets two periods: two years from becoming aware and in any event ten years from the act. Where the act is an off
Press LawHow Much Are Damages for Press Violations of Personality Rights?
There is no fixed sum in the Law. Article 58 of the Code of Obligations leaves non-pecuniary damages to the judge; Article 13 of Law No. 5187 makes li
Press LawCan an Old Archived News Report Be Removed in Turkey?
Removal is not the only option. For a publisher there is a proportionality choice between an update note, anonymisation and de-indexing; the legal fra
Press LawHow Quickly Must a News Removal Order Be Applied in Turkey?
When the decision arrives the clock starts: access providers have four hours at the latest. On the publisher’s side removal does not extinguish the du
Press LawWhat Can You Do If a News Report Is Not Removed in Turkey?
Article 9 of Law No. 5651 was annulled by the Constitutional Court. The routes that work today are Article 9/A of that Law (privacy), Articles 24–25 o
Press LawHow Does the Right of Reply Work for Online News in Turkey?
Law No. 7418 brought online news sites within Law No. 5187: the publication period is only one day, a URL link is mandatory, and where content has bee
Press LawHow Does the Right of Reply Work on Turkish Television?
Article 18 of Law No. 6112 sets its own regime: sixty days to request, seven days to broadcast, and at the hour and in the programme in which the broa
Press LawWhat Is the Penalty for Not Publishing a Reply in Turkey?
Article 18 of Law No. 5187 punishes with a judicial fine the responsible editor and the official above them who fail to comply with a final judicial d
Press LawWhat If a Right of Reply Request Is Refused in Turkey?
Application is made to the criminal judge of peace. Under Article 14(5) of Law No. 5187 the period is fifteen days; the judge decides within three day
Press LawWhere Must a Right of Reply Be Published in Turkey?
Article 14 of Law No. 5187 is explicit: on the page and in the columns where the relevant publication appeared, in the same font size and in the same
Press LawHow Long Can a Right of Reply Text Be in Turkey?
Article 14(2) of Law No. 5187 sets two limits: the reply may not be longer than the relevant article, and where the source is a writing, picture or ca
Press LawWhat Are the Right of Reply Deadlines in Turkey?
In print and online news sites the request period is two months (Law No. 5187, Art. 14); for radio and television it is sixty days (Law No. 6112, Art.
Press LawCan You Force a Correction to Be Published in Turkey?
Article 14 of Law No. 5187 governs the right of correction and reply: where a publication infringes honour and dignity or is contrary to the truth, th
Press LawCan the Responsible Editor Go to Prison Over a Report?
The responsible editor is not automatically liable: Article 11 of Law No. 5187 places liability first on the author of the work. But in the listed cas
Press LawCan Journalism Lead to a Prison Sentence in Turkey?
Yes, it is possible. Offences under the Press Law mostly attract judicial fines and Article 28 prohibits their conversion into custodial sentences; bu
Press LawIs the Editor-in-Chief Liable for a Columnist’s Piece?
As a rule, no. Article 11 of Law No. 5187 gives criminal liability to the author of the work; the editor-in-chief becomes criminally liable only in th
Press LawWho Is Liable for an Opinion Column in Turkey?
Article 11 of Law No. 5187 is clear: the author of the work is liable for offences committed through periodicals. Liability passes to the responsible
Press LawCan a Cartoon Count as Insult Under Turkish Law?
There is no special provision for cartoons; the general rules on insult apply. But because the form rests on exaggeration it falls within the field of
Press LawCan You Commit Insult Against a Deceased Person in Turkey?
Yes. Article 130 of the Criminal Code creates a separate offence of insulting the memory of a person: three months to two years’ imprisonment or a jud
Press LawIf the Allegation Is True, Can You Still Be Punished?
Article 127 of the Criminal Code treats proof of an attribution as a ground for not imposing a penalty; but proof is available only for attributions o
Press LawIs a Complaint Required for Insulting a Public Official?
No. Article 131/1 of the Criminal Code makes insult dependent on a complaint as a rule but excludes insult committed against a public official on acco
Press LawIs There Wider Latitude for Criticising Politicians in Turkey?
The text of the Law does not say so; on the contrary Article 125/3(a) raises the lower limit for insulting a public official on account of their duty.
Press LawWhere Is the Line Between Criticism and Insult in Turkey?
Article 125 of the Criminal Code defines insult as attributing a concrete act or fact, or as reviling. Article 218 provides that expressions of opinio
Press LawWhat Is the Penalty for Disinformation in Turkey?
Article 217/A of the Criminal Code provides for one to three years’ imprisonment. Where the offender conceals their identity or acts within an organis
Press LawIs Fake News a Crime in Turkey?
Not every inaccurate story is an offence. Article 217/A of the Criminal Code applies only where a specific motive, a defined subject matter and aptnes
Press LawWhat Happens If You Publish Unverified News in Turkey?
The consequences come from three directions at once: the duty to publish a correction (Law No. 5187, Art. 14), liability in damages (Art. 13; Code of
Press LawCan Off the Record Information Be Reported in Turkey?
“Off the record” is not a legal concept; Turkish legislation neither defines it nor attaches a sanction to it. Its binding force comes from the promis
Press LawWhen Is Source Protection Not Available in Turkey?
Article 12 of Law No. 5187 looks absolute but its reach is limited: the guarantee attaches to three capacities and to periodicals, it protects the sou
Press LawMust a Journalist Reveal Their Source in Turkey?
No. Article 12 of Press Law No. 5187 provides that the owner of a periodical, the responsible editor and the author of the work may not be compelled t
Press LawCan Leaked Documents Be Reported in Turkey?
How a document was obtained and whether reporting on it is lawful are separate questions. What matters is the type of document: investigation papers,
Press LawCan a Phone Call Be Published Without Consent in Turkey?
Article 132 of the Criminal Code punishes unlawful disclosure of communications content with two to five years’ imprisonment and expressly attaches th
Press LawIs Consent Required for Street Interviews in Turkey?
No provision says consent must be taken for a street interview; but under Article 24 of the Civil Code consent is one of three grounds justifying inte
Press LawCan You Film in Public Places Without Consent in Turkey?
There is no general prohibition on filming in public places; but being in a public place does not mean a person has consented to publication of their
Press LawIs Hidden Camera Journalism a Crime in Turkey?
It can be. Article 134 of the Criminal Code doubles the penalty for infringing privacy where images are recorded, and disclosure attracts two to five
Press LawCan a Reporter Record Audio Without Consent in Turkey?
Article 133 of the Criminal Code makes listening to and recording non-public conversations without consent an offence. A reporter recording a conversa
Press LawCan You Film in a Courthouse Corridor in Turkey?
No. The prohibition in Article 183 of the Criminal Procedure Code covers not only the courtroom but the whole courthouse building. Corridors, the entr
Press LawCan You Record Inside a Turkish Courtroom?
No. Article 183 of the Criminal Procedure Code prohibits the use of any audio or visual recording or transmission device in the courtroom once the hea
Press LawCan the Content of a Closed Hearing Be Reported?
No. Article 187/2 of the Criminal Procedure Code is absolute: the content of a closed hearing may not be published by any means of communication. Arti
Press LawCan an Indictment Be Published in Turkey?
Acceptance of the indictment ends the investigation stage and with it investigation confidentiality. Publication before acceptance carries Article 285
Press LawWhat Does Confidentiality of Investigation Mean in Turkey?
Article 157 of the Criminal Procedure Code makes procedural acts in the investigation stage confidential. Article 285 of the Criminal Code punishes pu
Press LawCan You Comment on an Ongoing Trial in Turkey?
Commenting is not prohibited; what is prohibited is a public statement aimed at unlawfully influencing a judge, expert or witness. Article 288 of the
Press LawIs Describing Criminal Methods an Offence in Turkey?
It can be. Article 214 of the Criminal Code punishes public incitement to commit an offence and Article 20 of Law No. 5187 punishes encouraging public
Press LawWhich Details Cannot Be Published in a Homicide Report?
Article 20 of Law No. 5187 makes encouraging publications about homicide an offence; Article 285 of the Criminal Code protects the presumption of inno
Press LawHow to Report Suicide Under Turkish Press Law
Article 20 of Press Law No. 5187 makes it an offence to publish writing and images on suicide that exceed the limits of reporting and are capable of e
Press LawCan a Child Pushed Into Crime Be Named in Turkey?
No. Article 21(c) of Law No. 5187 covers offenders under eighteen as well as victims; Article 185 of the Criminal Procedure Code closes the hearing an
Press LawCan a Child’s Face Be Shown in a News Report?
For children involved in an offence as victim or offender, no: Article 21(c) of Law No. 5187 prohibits publication disclosing identity or enabling rec
Press LawCan a Sexual Offence Victim Be Identified in Turkey?
No. Article 21(b) of Press Law No. 5187 prohibits publication disclosing the identity of, or enabling the recognition of, victims of offences against
Press LawCan an Arrested Person Be Called Guilty in a News Report?
No. Arrest is a protective measure, not a conviction. Article 285/5 of the Criminal Code punishes publications creating a perception of guilt; the pre
Press LawCan You Publish a Suspect’s Photo in Turkey?
Article 285/5 of the Turkish Criminal Code punishes publishing images in a manner leading to a person being perceived as guilty with six months to two
Press LawCan You Name People in a News Report in Turkey?
Turkish law contains no blanket ban on naming people in the news; the prohibitions apply to defined groups. Press Law No. 5187 Article 21 lists three,
Press LawOfficial Announcements in Turkey: Master Guide
Official announcements are the most stable item of revenue for many local publications in Turkey, and the subject that generates the most questions. T
Press LawDigital Publishing Questions in Turkey: Master Guide
Most of the legal questions that arise in running a news site come from five laws: 5846 (copyright), 5651 (internet liability), 6698 (data protection)
Press LawTurkish Press Law Tools and Templates: Master Guide
The biggest time sink in Turkish press law is not knowing which document to prepare when. This page gathers the templates, calculators, checklists and
Press LawRTUK and Broadcasting Questions: Master Guide
Forty-five questions on RTUK and Turkish broadcasting on one page: fine calculation and licence revocation, protective symbols and child protection, a
Press LawCan Broadcasting Be Stopped on National Security Grounds?
Yes, but on narrow conditions. Article 7/1 of Law No. 6112 gives the power of temporary publication ban to the President; Article 23 of Law No. 2954 p
Press LawHow Is the Right of Reply Used at TRT?
For TRT broadcasts the right of correction and reply is governed by Article 27 of Law No. 2954, not Article 18 of Law No. 6112. The periods are far sh
Press LawWho Pays the TRT Bandrol Levy?
Law No. 3093 identifies the obligor precisely: manufacturers before sale and importers on entry into free circulation must obtain a bandrol or label.
Press LawWhich Rules Apply to TRT?
TRT is subject both to its own Law No. 2954 and to the broadcasting principles and commercial communication provisions of Law No. 6112. The sanction d
Press LawCan Broadcasting Be Restricted During Emergencies in Turkey?
Article 7 of Law No. 6112 takes freedom of expression and of receiving news as the basis even in times of crisis: broadcasts may not be subject to pri
Press LawIs Retransmission Free in Turkey?
Article 4/1 of Law No. 6112 makes the reception and retransmission of broadcasting services free; restriction is possible only within the relevant pro
Press LawAre There Rules for Broadcast Logos in Turkey?
Yes. Article 21 of Law No. 6112 makes registration of logos and call signs with RTUK compulsory. Changes require RTUK permission, and a single logo mu
Press LawWhat Is the European Works Quota in Turkey?
Article 15 of Law No. 6112 sets two quotas for television broadcasters holding a national terrestrial licence: at least 50% of qualifying transmission
Press LawWhich Events Must Be Broadcast Unencrypted in Turkey?
Article 17 of Law No. 6112 provides for a list of major events. RTUK prepares and announces it; events on the list must be broadcast unencrypted and f
Press LawIs the Short Reporting Right Free of Charge in Turkey?
No. Article 16/1 of Law No. 6112 states expressly that the short reporting right is provided “against payment”. The payment must be set on a fair, rea
Press LawHow Many Seconds of Sports Footage Can You Use in Turkey?
Article 16/3 of Law No. 6112 limits short reports to ninety seconds. The footage may be used only within news programmes and with the source stated; o
Press LawAre There Requirements for Newsroom Staff in Turkey?
Yes. Article 23 of Law No. 6112 provides that RTUK determines the minimum number of press-card-holding personnel to be employed in news units, and tha
Press LawIs a Responsible Editor Mandatory for Turkish Radio and TV?
Yes. Article 46/3 of Law No. 6112 requires private radio and television undertakings to appoint one or more responsible editors and sets four conditio
Press LawWho Bears Liability for a Broadcast in Turkey?
Article 46/1 of Law No. 6112: liability belongs to the responsible editor together with the person directing the broadcast or making the programme, an
Press LawWho Is Liable for an Insult During a Live Broadcast?
Article 46/1 of Law No. 6112 gives liability to the responsible editor together with the person directing the broadcast or making the programme, and d
Press LawIs Political Advertising Allowed in Turkey?
Yes, but only during the election period announced by the Supreme Election Council and until the hour at which broadcasting bans begin. Article 31 req
Press LawUntil What Hour Does the Election Day Broadcast Ban Run?
Article 80 of Law No. 298 sets three bands: nothing about the election until 18:00; between 18:00 and 21:00 only Supreme Election Council material on
Press LawWhat Are the Election Period Broadcasting Rules in Turkey?
The procedures and principles for election-period broadcasting are set not by Law No. 6112 but by the Supreme Election Council. RTUK monitors and supe
Press LawWhich Languages Can Be Used in Turkish Broadcasting?
Article 5 of Law No. 6112 takes Turkish as the basis but expressly allows broadcasting in languages and dialects other than Turkish. The condition is
Press LawMust You Credit a News Agency in Turkey?
Yes. Article 8/1(ı) of Law No. 6112 makes it mandatory to state the source of news taken from agencies or from another media source. Crediting a sourc
Press LawCan Music and Sound Effects Be Used in Turkish News?
Article 8/1(ı) of Law No. 6112 states a clear prohibition: in the presentation of news, no place may be given to exaggerated sound and image, or to ef
Press LawHow Must Archive Footage Be Labelled in Turkish News?
Article 8/1(ı) of Law No. 6112 makes it mandatory to state that footage is archive or reconstruction material. This is a statutory duty, not a courtes
Press LawIs Slang on Air a Punishable Offence in Turkey?
Yes. Article 8/1(m) of Law No. 6112 requires correct and comprehensible use of Turkish and provides that no place may be given to low, coarse and slan
Press LawCan Fortune Telling and Astrology Programmes Air in Turkey?
Article 8/1(r) of Law No. 6112 provides that broadcasting services may not exploit persons through fortune telling or superstitious beliefs. The prohi
Press LawIs a Notary Required for Broadcast Opinion Polls in Turkey?
Yes. Article 8/1(p) of Law No. 6112 requires surveys and opinion polls conducted or commissioned by a media service provider to be carried out in the
Press LawAre Contests and Prize Draws Allowed on Air in Turkey?
Article 8/1(ö) prohibits competitions and lotteries by means of information and communication devices, the giving of prizes to viewers and listeners,
Press LawCan Products Be Promoted With Health Claims in Turkey?
Article 8/4 of Law No. 6112 prohibits the sale, marketing and advertising of any product with a health claim contrary to its own legislation, includin
Press LawAre Alcohol and Tobacco Ads Banned in Turkey?
Yes, absolutely. Article 11/1 of Law No. 6112 provides that commercial communication is not permitted in any way for alcohol and tobacco products. The
Press LawHow Must Programme Sponsorship Be Disclosed in Turkey?
Article 12 of Law No. 6112 requires programme sponsorship to be indicated at four moments: at the start of the programme, on entering and leaving adve
Press LawIs Product Placement Allowed in News Programmes in Turkey?
No. Law No. 6112 bans product placement in news bulletins twice over, and programme sponsorship is banned there too. News carries the narrowest commer
Press LawIs Product Placement Allowed in Every Programme in Turkey?
No. Article 13/1 of Law No. 6112 confines product placement to four programme types: films made for cinema and television, series, sports programmes a
Press LawHow Must Ad Breaks Be Separated in Turkish Broadcasting?
Article 10/1 sets two tests: advertising and teleshopping must be clearly recognisable through an audible and/or visual warning and readily distinguis
Press LawHow Many Minutes of Advertising Are Allowed on Turkish TV?
Article 10/2 of Law No. 6112 sets a rate, not a duration: advertising may not exceed 20% of broadcasting between one clock hour and the next — twelve
Press LawWhat Content Cannot Air During Children’s Hours in Turkey?
Article 8/2 sets an effects test rather than a list of genres: content that may harm the physical, mental or moral development of children and young p
Press LawIs Using a Protective Symbol Enough Under Turkish Law?
No. Since the 2017 amendment Article 8/2 reads “even if a protective symbol is used”: harmful content cannot be broadcast during children’s viewing ho
Press LawWhat Do Turkey’s TV Protective Symbols Mean?
The statutory term is not “smart signs” but “protective symbol”. Article 24 of Law No. 6112 makes the symbol compulsory but does not list the categori
Press LawHow Fast Must a Requested Broadcast Recording Be Provided?
Ten days from notification. Missing the deadline, or supplying an incomplete or altered recording, exposes the responsible editor to a judicial fine r
Press LawHow Long Must Broadcast Recordings Be Kept in Turkey?
Private media service providers must keep a recording of every broadcast for one year. Where a broadcast becomes the subject of an investigation or pr
Press LawIs Appointing a Viewer Representative Mandatory in Turkey?
Yes. Article 22 of Law No. 6112 requires every media service provider to appoint a viewer representative with at least ten years’ professional experie
Press LawHow Do You Complain to RTUK?
Law No. 6112 contains no dedicated complaints procedure for viewers. The mechanism it does create is the viewer representative inside each broadcaster
Press LawWhere Do You Appeal an RTUK Decision?
An RTUK sanction decision is challenged in the administrative court, not a criminal court. The deadline is not the general one in Law No. 2577 but the
Press LawWhen Is a Broadcasting Licence Revoked in Turkey?
Law No. 6112 ties licence revocation to defined situations: the final rung of the repeat-breach ladder, loss of a licence condition, obtaining a licen
Press LawHow Many Times Can RTUK Suspend a Programme?
Article 32/1 of Law No. 6112 caps programme suspension at five times. Programme suspension and broadcast suspension are different sanctions measured i
Press LawWhat Is the Maximum Penalty RTUK Can Impose?
Law No. 6112 sets no fixed ceiling for administrative fines; the ceiling is a rate — 5% of gross commercial communication revenue. The real upper limi
Press LawHow Is an RTUK Fine Calculated?
An RTUK fine is not a fixed sum. Law No. 6112 ties it to the broadcaster’s own revenue: the base is gross commercial communication revenue for the mon
Press LawHow Is Service by Publication Made in Turkey?
Service by publication is service on persons whose address is unknown, and it directly concerns newspapers and online news sites. The procedure is in
Press LawAre Turkish Airlines Ads Official Announcements?
No — in defined circumstances it counts as advertising. General Assembly Principle Decision No. 34 (18.05.1966, Official Gazette 15.06.1966 / 12323) h
Press LawAre Foundation University Ads Official Announcements in Turkey?
The answer divides in two. Principle Decision No. 162 (15.11.2002, Official Gazette 22.11.2002 / 24944) splits foundation university announcements int
Press LawAre Insurance Company Announcements Official in Turkey?
Yes — so far as compulsory ones are concerned. General Assembly Principle Decision No. 174 (26.05.2006, Official Gazette 31.05.2006 / 26184) held that
Press LawAre Cooperative General Assembly Announcements Official?
Yes — at least for tradesmen and craftsmen credit and guarantee cooperatives. General Assembly Principle Decision No. 220 (30 May 2025, Official Gazet
Press LawWhich Announcements Count as Official in Turkey?
Article 5 of the Regulation defines official announcements by two separate criteria. An announcement falling under either sub-paragraph is an official
Press LawWhat Is Mahrec and How Is Source Attribution Written?
The mahreç is the statement showing where a piece of content came from. Article 24 of the Regulation lists in four sub-paragraphs which source is to b
Press LawWhat If Two Newspapers Print the Same Content in Turkey?
Article 25 of the Regulation lays down a clear rule: similar content may not appear in two or more periodicals. Where similarity is continuous, offici
Press LawMust You Publish on Public Holidays in Turkey?
No, it is not compulsory — but the exemption does not operate by itself. The Regulation grants an exemption for the Ramadan and Sacrifice holidays to
Press LawHow Many Days Without Publishing Costs You the Right?
The threshold depends on the type of publication. Under Article 113 more than three days in a calendar year for newspapers, and a continuity breach of
Press LawDoes Breaching Press Ethics Affect Your Press Card in Turkey?
Yes, directly. Additional Article 6(2) of Press Law No. 5187 ties a breach of the press ethics principles to the press card regime and provides two co
Press LawWhat Are the Turkish Press Ethics Principles?
The press ethics principles are professional rules determined by BIK’s General Assembly under Article 49 of Law No. 195. This guide covers their legal
Press LawCan the Official Announcement Waiting Period Be Extended?
Yes. Article 109 of the Regulation is headed “Extension, completion and termination of the waiting period”: a breach extends the period by the number
Press LawHow Do You Appeal a BIK Inspection Report?
Objection is possible, and the Regulation governs it in two articles: Article 104 sets out what can be objected to, Article 105 how the objection is r
Press LawWhat Happens If You Refuse a BIK Inspection?
Your right to publish is suspended and the time lost is not compensated. Article 101 of the Regulation attaches that consequence expressly; and if obs
Press LawWhich Documents Are Requested During a BIK Inspection?
The Regulation imposes document obligations in two separate articles: Article 99 governs the documents to be kept, Article 100 the archive to be produ
Press LawWhat Does the BIK Inspection Board Check?
Inspection boards are the supervisory organ of the official announcement legislation. Article 95 defines their task: to inspect and establish whether
Press LawDoes Your Right Continue If You Change the Newspaper Name?
If the change is made properly the right continues. Article 26 of the Regulation makes name and domain name changes subject to a detailed permission p
Press LawCan an Announcement Suspension Decision Be Appealed?
Yes. The Regulation recognises two separate routes: against Directorate General decisions (Art. 115) and against inspection board reports (Arts. 104–1
Press LawWhich Violations Cause Announcement Suspension in Turkey?
The Regulation gives no itemised list of breach and penalty. It lays down a general rule: failure to fulfil the duties and qualifications in time and
Press LawWhen Is the Publishing Right Permanently Lost in Turkey?
Suspension of the right to publish is temporary; termination is permanent. Article 113 of the Regulation lists the cases in which the right ends altog
Press LawHow Long Does an Announcement Suspension Last in Turkey?
The technical name of the sanction is suspension of the right to publish, and its length is not fixed: under Article 110 it equals the number of days
Press LawMust a Newspaper Have Business Premises in Turkey?
Yes. Under Article 29 of the Regulation, newspapers and online news sites must carry on their activities in premises allocated to the practice of jour
Press LawMust a Newspaper Keep Balance Sheet Books in Turkey?
Yes. Article 28 of the Regulation is a single sentence leaving no room for doubt: newspapers and online news sites must keep their accounts on the bal
Press LawWhat Is the Sectoral Ledger for Turkish Newspapers?
The sectoral ledgers are the ledgers in which newspapers record the information relating to every printed issue forming the basis of the official anno
Press LawWhen Are Official Announcement Fees Paid in Turkey?
The legislation sets no fixed number of days for payment to the publication. What it regulates is the flow: how the fee is calculated, how the invoice
Press LawHow Are Official Announcement Prices Set in Turkey?
Neither the Agency alone nor newspapers set the price. Under Article 39 of Law No. 195 the tariff is determined by the President on the proposal of BI
Press LawWhat Percentage Commission Does BIK Take?
The rate is 15%. Article 116 of the Regulation is a single sentence, and it applies to private announcements and advertising as well as official ones.
Press LawDoes Unused Announcement Quota Carry Over in Turkey?
Yes, it carries over — with one important exception. Article 75(3) regulates the carryover and Article 75(4) the situation in which the right to it is
Press LawHow Is the Official Announcement Coefficient Calculated?
The coefficient is the second half of the quota calculation. Article 73 of the Regulation: the monthly announcement amount in a quota location divided
Press LawHow Is the Monthly Official Announcement Quota Found?
Monthly quota = total indicator number × the official announcement coefficient. Article 74 of the Regulation gives the formula in a single sentence; t
Press LawWhat Is the Announcement Reporting Indicator in Turkey?
Regulated in Article 68, this indicator differs from the others in two ways: it is open only to General Category online news sites, and its condition
Press LawWhat Print Run Earns an Additional Indicator in Turkey?
The printing additional indicator is open only to national newspapers and requires two conditions together: the print run in each province and the num
Press LawHow Is the Staff-Based Additional Indicator Calculated?
The staff additional indicator rewards publications employing multiples of the minimum roster. It is regulated in Article 48 for newspapers and Articl
Press LawHow Do You Earn Additional Indicators in Turkey?
The right does not arise by itself: it requires an application and depends on three conditions, regulated identically in Article 47 for newspapers and
Press LawWhat Is the Indicator Number for Official Announcements?
The indicator number is the base figure from which your monthly quota is calculated. The Regulation recognises two kinds: the basic indicator and addi
Press LawWhat Happens If Fake Traffic Is Detected in Turkey?
Article 63 of the Regulation deals with this under “serious violation in visitor traffic” and attaches one of the heaviest commercial sanctions in the
Press LawHow Is Website Traffic Measured for Turkish News Sites?
Not with your own analytics tool. Under Article 61(6) online news sites must use BİK Analitik; your figures in Google Analytics are not taken as the b
Press LawWhat Is the Minimum Visitor Traffic Requirement in Turkey?
Article 61 of the Regulation sets two thresholds — daily unique visitors and daily page views — which must be met together, plus three further conditi
Press LawHow Much Content Must Be Published Monthly in Turkey?
The Regulation sets no monthly content threshold. The threshold is daily and is set category by category in Article 60; a monthly figure is derived fr
Press LawHow Many Articles Must Be Published Daily in Turkey?
For online news sites the number varies from 15 to 120 items a day by category. Article 60 of the Regulation sets that threshold, and it is daily — no
Press LawHow Many Days to Report a Staff Change in Turkey?
Three working days. Under Article 22 of the Regulation, hirings, title changes, departures and tax and insurance accruals must reach the Agency throug
Press LawWho Counts as Editorial Staff in Turkey?
Filling the roster by numbers is not enough. Article 19 of the Regulation lists seven alternative qualifications; Article 20 lists the ownership and k
Press LawHow Many Editorial Staff Must a Newspaper Employ in Turkey?
Between 3 and 14 people depending on category. Article 38 of the Regulation sets the number, the breakdown and the duties together, and all three are
Press LawHow Many Editorial Staff Must an Online News Site Employ?
Between 4 and 32 people depending on category. Article 59 of the Regulation determines not only the total but how it is distributed among duties; meet
Press LawCan an Online News Site Receive Official Announcements?
Yes. Online news sites are regulated in a separate part of the Regulation with their own categories, waiting period and conditions. Categories are det
Press LawCan You Receive Announcements During the Waiting Period?
No. Article 16 of the Regulation is explicit: a publication subject to a waiting period may not publish official announcements before it expires, on p
Press LawWhen Does the Official Announcement Waiting Period Start?
Not on the day you start publishing, and not on the day you apply. Under Article 15 of the Regulation the waiting period starts on the date it is esta
Press LawHow Many Months Is the Official Announcement Waiting Period?
The period differs by type of publication: 36 months for newspapers, 24 months for online news sites. Two separate provisions reduce it to 6 months fo
Press LawCan My Newspaper Receive Official Announcements in Turkey?
Yes, but the right does not arise by itself. Article 9 of the Regulation grants it to newspapers meeting their qualifications and duties; Article 11 s
Press LawContent and Traffic Thresholds for Turkish News Sites
These are the most concretely measurable of all the conditions: how many items you publish a day and how many people visit your site. Both are tied to
Press LawMinimum Editorial Staff Requirements in Turkey
Of all the conditions for official announcements this is the one no software can solve. The number depends on your category, who may be counted is lim
Press LawThe Official Announcement Waiting Period: Full Guide
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SoftwareMagazine Website Software
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HostingWindows Hosting Guide 2026: IIS, ASP.NET Core, and MSSQL in Production
What is Windows hosting, how to configure IIS and ASP.NET Core, MSSQL database integration, .NET 9/10 deployment strategies, pricing ranges, and real
DomainsWHOIS Lookup: Find Domain Owner, Expiry, and History (Complete Guide)
Everything about WHOIS and RDAP lookups: how to find a domain owner, expiry, IP, name servers and history; GDPR/KVKK redaction; .tr specifics; CLI and
Web SetupWhat Is a Website? Definition, Types, Web Address and How It Works
What is a website, what does it do, how is it different from a web page, what is a web address, and what are the different types of websites? A compre
HostingWhat Is a Server? Sunucu (Server) Types, Hardware and Use Cases (2026 Guide)
What does server mean, what is a sunucu (server), how does it work and which types exist? A 2026 guide covering hardware, operating systems, virtualiz
HostingWhat Does Hosting Mean? Web Hosting, Hoster and Host-Etmek Complete Guide
What hosting means, how web hosting works, what a hoster does, and the differences between shared, VPS, dedicated and cloud hosting — a 2026 guide wit
Web SetupWebsite Pricing 2026: Setup, Build and Total Cost of Ownership Guide
Website pricing in 2026: domain, hosting, SSL, design, development, maintenance and SEO costs. Real price ranges for corporate sites, e-commerce and l
HostingVPS Server Guide 2026: Rental, Pricing, Linux and Windows VPS
What is a VPS server, how do you rent one, how are prices determined? Linux vs Windows VPS comparison, KVM virtualization, Türkiye datacenter selectio
HostingVirtual Dedicated Server (VDS) Buying Guide 2026: vCPU, RAM, NVMe and Provider Selection
Everything you need to know when buying a VDS: KVM vs VMware virtualization, vCPU oversubscription, NVMe vs SATA SSD, Turkish data centers, 2026 price
InternetTürkNet Home Internet Guide 2026: Prices, Speeds, Campaigns and Technical Details
Comprehensive 2026 guide to TürkNet home internet: package prices, campaigns, technical infrastructure, GigaFiber, VAE, no-contract options, unlimited
HostingServer Prices 2026: Physical Server, Dedicated Rental and Buying Guide
Server prices, dedicated server rental costs and physical server buying guide. Tower, rack and blade form factors; CPU, RAM, disk and RAID choices; TC
HostingHow to Buy Reseller Hosting: Packages, Pricing and Setup Guide
Everything you need to know before buying reseller hosting: WHM/cPanel vs DirectAdmin vs Plesk, package comparison, 2026 pricing ranges, white-label s
HostingPort Lookup and Checker Guide: Open Ports, Testing Methods and Internet Diagnostics
What is port lookup? How to check which ports are open, run network diagnostics, and query internet infrastructure data. nmap, telnet, netcat, PowerSh
HostingPHP-FPM Configuration: Pool Settings and Performance
What is PHP-FPM and how do you configure it? Process manager modes, calculating pm.max_children, connecting it to Nginx and performance optimization f
DomainsHow to Register a .com.tr Domain in 2026: Post-TRABİS Document-Free Allocation, Requirements and Step-by-Step Guide
How to register a .com.tr domain after TRABİS: document-free allocation rules, the entire .tr extension family, TAKIL/TAKAL reserved lists, required d
DomainsHow to Register a Trademark in Turkey: 2026 Application, Fees and Process Guide
How to register a trademark in Turkey: 2026 fees, application steps, Nice classification, opposition, renewal and brand name protection. A comprehensi
SecurityHow to Check if a Link is Safe in 2026: URL Lookup, Phishing Detection and Website Safety
The 2026 guide to checking whether a link is safe: URL parsing, HTTPS/SSL inspection, WHOIS age, Google Safe Browsing, VirusTotal, urlscan.io, sandbox
DomainsHow to Buy a Domain Name: Complete Domain Registration Guide 2026
What is a domain name, how to buy one in 2026? Compare .com, .net, .org, .tr extensions, registrar selection, WHOIS, DNS, nameservers, transfer, renew
Web SetupHow to Build an E-Commerce Website: A Step-by-Step Guide (2026)
Everything you need to launch an e-commerce site: legal setup (Turkish ETBIS, KVKK, KEP, tax registration), platform selection (WooCommerce, OpenCart,
Web SetupHow to Build a Website from Scratch: A Complete 2026 Guide
A comprehensive, vendor-neutral guide covering every step of building a website in 2026: domain registration, hosting choice, CMS install, design, SSL
SEOGoogle Rank Checker Guide: Where Does My Site Rank and How to Track SERP Positions
How a Google rank checker really works, the technical basis of SERP position queries, manual vs API-based tracking, personalization and geo bias, GSC
HostingFree Hosting and Domain Guide 2026: Real Limits, Risks and Choosing the Right Provider
Everything about free hosting and free domain: types of free web hosting, real resource limits, hidden costs, cPanel and PHP free providers, subdomain
DomainsFree Domain and Hosting Providers in 2026: Real Cost, Limits and Risks
A vendor-neutral review of free domain and hosting providers: which TLDs are free, what the limits are, hidden costs, ad policies, performance/securit
DomainsDomain Transfer Guide 2026: Steps, Duration, Auth Code and Cost
Complete 2026 domain transfer guide: EPP/auth code, registrar lock, 60-day rule, ICANN policy, ccTLD specifics including .com.tr/.tr (TRABIS), transfe
DomainsDomain Search Guide 2026: WHOIS, RDAP, DNS and Domain Discovery
A comprehensive 2026 guide to domain search, WHOIS lookup, RDAP, DNS and registration checks. Covers CLI tooling, web utilities, privacy, gTLD vs ccTL
DomainsDomain IP Lookup: Site IP Address Discovery, DNS, Reverse Lookup and WHOIS Guide
A comprehensive 2026 guide to finding a domain's IP address with DNS lookup (dig, nslookup, host), reverse lookup, WHOIS, RDAP, traceroute and port sc
HostingDedicated Server Hosting Guide 2026: Hardware, Network and Colocation
Comprehensive dedicated server hosting guide: CPU, RAM, NVMe, RAID, IPMI, port speed, SLA, Turkey data centers, price ranges, contract clauses and col
EmailCorporate Email Address Guide 2026: Domain, MX, SPF, DKIM, DMARC and Provider Comparison
How to set up a corporate email address, configure info@ shared mailboxes, and pick the right provider. Domain selection, MX/SPF/DKIM/DMARC setup, plu
HostingWhere Is .com Used? Complete Guide to .com and .net Extensions
Where .com is used, what .com means, .com vs .net differences, website extensions, registration process, SEO impact and 2026 price ranges — end-to-end
HostingCheapest Linux Hosting 2026: Prices, Specs, and a No-Nonsense Buying Guide
A vendor-neutral 2026 buying guide for the cheapest Linux web hosting: real price ranges, NVMe SSD, LiteSpeed/Nginx, cPanel and renewal traps. Pick th
DomainsHow to Buy a Domain Name from Google in 2026: Squarespace Migration, Cloud Domains and Google Registry
After Google Domains shut down, how do you buy a domain from Google or within Google's ecosystem? Comprehensive 2026 guide covering the Squarespace mi
SecurityBTK Lookup Guide: Website Access Blocks, Line and Operator Queries in Turkey
How to perform BTK lookups in Turkey: website access block status, banned site checks, line and operator queries, the 5651 law, USOM integration and t
SecurityBanned Websites in Turkey: Complete Blocked Sites List and Legal Guide 2026
Which websites are banned in Turkey? Law No. 5651, BTK and USOM decisions, how to query blocked sites, legal consequences of accessing them, and the t
HostingWeb Hosting Guide 2026: Plans, Prices, the Truth About Unlimited Hosting and Selection Criteria
Comprehensive 2026 guide on web hosting plans, pricing tiers, the CPU/inode/I/O reality behind unlimited hosting, NVMe vs SSD, LiteSpeed vs Nginx vs A
HostingSpeeding Up a Web Server with Gzip and Brotli Compression
What are Gzip and Brotli compression and how do they speed up a website? Enabling compression on Nginx and Apache, which files to compress and how to
DomainsDomain Search, Name Selection and Buying: The Complete Pillar Guide
End-to-end pillar guide covering domain lookup, WHOIS/RDAP, TLD types, .tr rules, transfers, pricing tiers and choosing the right registrar before you
HostingMultiple Sites on One Server: Virtual Host Configuration
What is a virtual host and how do you host multiple sites on one server? Nginx server block and Apache virtual host configuration, a name-based hostin
Hostingtmux and screen: A Guide to Persistent Terminal Sessions
What are tmux and screen, and why use them? A guide to creating persistent terminal sessions so processes keep running when your SSH connection drops.
HostingServer Timezone, Hostname and Locale Configuration
How to set timezone, hostname and locale on a Linux server? timedatectl, hostnamectl, NTP time synchronization and why these settings matter.
HostingSwap Space on a Server: What It Does and How to Configure It
What is swap space and what does it do? Creating a swap file on a Linux server, the swappiness setting, how much swap you need and its performance eff
HostingLinux Package Management: Installing Software with apt and dnf
What is a package manager on Linux and how do you use apt and dnf? Installing, updating and removing software, repository management and keeping a ser
HostingCron Jobs on Linux: A Guide to Creating Scheduled Tasks
What is a cron job and how do you create a scheduled task on Linux? crontab syntax, scheduling examples, backup automation and cron job troubleshootin
SoftwareWhat is Redis? Installation, Commands and Real-World Usage Patterns
What Redis is, how to install it, the data types — cache, session, rate limiting, pub/sub, streams and cluster with Node.js, Python and Docker example
Hostingsystemd Service Management: Creating, Starting and Monitoring Services
What is systemd and how do you manage services with systemctl? Starting and stopping services, enabling auto-start, creating your own service and moni
HostingLSCache (LiteSpeed Cache) Guide: Server-Level Caching for WordPress
What is LiteSpeed Cache (LSCache) and how to configure it? LiteSpeed Cache for WordPress plugin, QUIC.cloud CDN, ESI block caching, Core Web Vitals ga
SEOHow to Optimize a Website: Frontend, Backend, Database and CDN End-to-End
A complete guide to website optimization: image and font optimization, Nginx/Apache tuning, PHP opcache, database indexing, CDN selection, caching lay
SecurityHow to Get an SSL Certificate: Free vs Paid Options Explained
How and where to get an SSL/TLS certificate. Let's Encrypt, ZeroSSL, Sectigo and DigiCert compared. Installation with Certbot, acme.sh, cPanel and Ple
HostingDomain Lookup Tools: WHOIS, RDAP and DNS Guide
Every way to query a domain with dig, whois, nslookup and RDAP. Reading DNS records, interpreting WHOIS, subdomain discovery via certificate transpare
SEOBest WordPress SEO Plugins: Yoast vs Rank Math vs AIOSEO vs SEOPress Compared
A detailed comparison of the top WordPress SEO plugins. Yoast SEO, Rank Math, AIOSEO, SEOPress, The SEO Framework — which plugin when? Pricing, featur
HostingLinux User and Group Management: useradd, sudo and Authorization
How to create and manage users and groups on Linux: useradd, usermod, sudo authorization and the principle of least privilege for server security.
HostingLinux File Permissions: chmod, chown and Privilege Management
How do Linux file permissions work? The rwx permissions, granting access numerically and symbolically with chmod, changing ownership with chown, and c
SecurityXSS Attacks and Defending with Content Security Policy (CSP)
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HostingWhat Is Web Hosting? Types, Pricing, and How to Choose in 2026
What web hosting is, the main types (shared, VPS, dedicated, cloud), how pricing works, and how to choose the right provider. A complete 2026 guide.
HostingWhat Is DNS? DNS Settings, How to Change Them, and the Best DNS Servers
What is DNS, how does it work, where do you change DNS settings, and which resolvers (Cloudflare, Google, Quad9) are best? A step-by-step technical gu
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SoftwareVue 3 Composition API: Reactivity, Refs and Composables
Vue 3 Composition API — ref, reactive, computed, watch, composables, lifecycle hooks and comparison to the Options API.
HostingWhat Is a VPS? VPS vs VDS and a Complete VPS Hosting Guide
What a VPS is, how it compares to a VDS, and what to look for when buying one. KVM, OpenVZ, NVMe SSD, and DDoS protection explained for scalable serve
HostingTerraform Infrastructure as Code: AWS, Azure and Hetzner Examples
Manage infrastructure as code with Terraform — HCL syntax, providers, modules, state, workspaces and practical AWS and Hetzner examples.
SoftwareTailwind CSS v4: Oxide Engine, CSS-First Config and Migration Guide
What is new in Tailwind CSS v4 — Oxide engine speedups, @theme directive, container queries, CSS-first config and migrating from v3.
SoftwareTailwind CSS from Scratch: Build Modern UIs with Utility-First
Install Tailwind, learn the utility-first mindset, responsive design, dark mode, custom themes and component extraction — a complete starter guide.
SoftwareSQL Query Optimization: JOIN Strategies, Subqueries and Index Usage
Speed up slow SQL queries — read EXPLAIN output, understand JOIN types, apply index strategies, compare subqueries and CTEs with examples.
SecuritySQL Injection: How It Works and How Parameterized Queries Stop It
The mechanics of classic, blind, time-based and union-based SQL injection, plus how prepared statements and ORMs shut them down for good.
SoftwareWhat Is Software Development? Processes, Methodologies, and Tools
What software development is, which methodologies (Agile, Scrum, Waterfall) fit, and which languages and tools you need. A beginner-friendly guide.
APIREST API Security Guide: Authentication, Rate Limiting, and Best Practices
API security with JWT, OAuth2, rate limiting, input validation, CORS, and HTTPS. A practical walkthrough of the OWASP API Security Top 10.
SoftwareRedis Fundamentals: Cache, Pub/Sub, Session Store and Persistence
Redis use cases in production — cache, session store, rate limit, queue, pub/sub, persistence (RDB/AOF) and cluster architecture.
HostingPrometheus and Grafana Server Monitoring: Metric Collection Guide
Set up production-grade monitoring with Prometheus metrics, Grafana dashboards, node_exporter, Alertmanager and PromQL queries.
SoftwarePostgreSQL Performance Optimization: Indexes, EXPLAIN, and Tuning Guide
PostgreSQL query optimization with EXPLAIN ANALYZE, indexing strategies, connection pooling, and vacuum/autovacuum tuning for production workloads.
HostingPlesk Panel Management: Domains, Databases, Email and SSL
Complete Plesk guide — add domains, create databases, set up mailboxes, install Let's Encrypt SSL and harden security from A to Z.
SoftwarePlaywright End-to-End Testing: Modern Browser Automation
End-to-end testing with Playwright — selector strategies, fixtures, trace viewer, parallel testing, CI integration and a Cypress comparison.
SecurityPassword Hashing: bcrypt, argon2id and scrypt Compared
Modern password hashing — bcrypt, argon2id and scrypt compared, salt, pepper, work factor tuning and Node.js / Python implementations.
SecurityOWASP Top 10 2026: Web Application Risks and How to Prevent Them
A walkthrough of the OWASP Top 10 2026 — Broken Access Control, Injection, Cryptographic Failures, SSRF and more, with practical mitigations.
SoftwareOpenTelemetry Distributed Tracing: Microservice Observability
Distributed tracing with OpenTelemetry — spans, trace context, auto-instrumentation, Jaeger and OTLP export setup guide.
SecurityOAuth 2.0 and OIDC: Secure Auth with the Authorization Code Flow
OAuth 2.0 and OpenID Connect — authorization code flow, PKCE, scopes, refresh tokens and a guide to integrating social login.
SoftwareNode.js Performance: Event Loop, Memory Leaks and Clinic.js Profiling
Optimising Node.js performance — the event loop, blocking operations, memory leak detection, Clinic.js profiling and benchmarking.
SoftwareNode.js Cluster and PM2 in Production: Zero-Downtime Deploys
Cluster mode, PM2 process manager, zero-downtime reload, log management, monitoring and ecosystem.config.js — a production Node.js guide.
HostingNginx vs Apache: Which One Should You Choose and When
Compare Nginx and Apache HTTP server — architecture, performance, configuration model, .htaccess, modules and which one fits which scenario.
HostingNginx Configuration: Reverse Proxy, Cache and Rate Limiting
Practical Nginx recipes for reverse proxy, FastCGI cache, proxy_cache, limit_req, gzip, HTTP/2 and SSL — with production-ready examples.
SoftwareNext.js 15 App Router: Server Components, Streaming and Parallel Routes
Master the Next.js 15 App Router — React Server Components, streaming, Suspense, parallel and intercepting routes, server actions and modern React.
SoftwareMySQL vs PostgreSQL: Data Model, Performance and Scenario Comparison
Compare MySQL and PostgreSQL — data types, ACID, JSON support, performance, replication and which scenarios fit which database.
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Local SEO guide — Google Business Profile setup, local keyword research, NAP consistency, local backlinks and review strategy.
HostingLinux Server Administration Basics: SSH, Firewall, Cron, and Service Management
SSH key authentication, UFW/iptables firewall rules, systemd service management, cron scheduling, and the core Linux commands every admin should know.
HostingFree SSL with Let's Encrypt: Certbot, Auto-Renewal and Wildcard Certs
Install Let's Encrypt SSL certificates end-to-end — Certbot, auto-renewal, wildcard certificates, DNS challenge and Nginx/Apache integration.
HostingKubernetes Basics: Pods, Deployments, Services and Ingress
Kubernetes fundamentals — Pod, Deployment, Service, Ingress, ConfigMap, Secret, autoscaling and essential kubectl commands for getting started.
SecurityJWT Security Pitfalls: alg:none, Weak Secrets, JKU Attack and How to Defend
JSON Web Token security issues — alg:none, weak secrets, JKU/X5U injection, algorithm confusion and the controls that make JWT safe.
SoftwareJest Unit Testing: Mocks, Spies, Coverage and Test Driven Development
JavaScript/TypeScript unit testing with Jest — describe/it, matchers, mocks, spies, async tests, snapshots and coverage.
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HTTPS and TLS 1.3 — handshake tuning, cipher suite selection, HSTS, OCSP stapling, an SSL Labs A+ score and performance.
SEOHow Search Engines Work and How to Do SEO: A Complete Guide
What a search engine is, how Google crawls and ranks pages, how to run SEO analysis, and how keyword research really works. Content, technical, and ba
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Compare GraphQL and REST — query/mutation, the N+1 problem, caching, subscriptions, over-fetching and which scenario each one fits.
SoftwareGitHub Actions CI/CD: Node.js Workflows, Deploys and Docker Builds
Write GitHub Actions workflows — Node.js tests, Docker builds, SSH deploys, secret management and matrix strategy for a complete CI/CD pipeline.
HostingProtecting SSH from Brute Force with Fail2ban: Install and Configure Jails
Install Fail2ban, configure the SSH jail, write custom jails, tune ban times and monitor logs — a practical Linux server security guide.
SoftwareExpress.js Middleware Pattern: Authentication, Logging and Error Handling
The Express middleware architecture — authentication, authorization, logging, error handling and writing your own, with production-grade Node.js examp
HostingEssential Linux Server Commands Every Administrator Should Know
The most-used commands in Linux server administration: file operations, system and resource monitoring, networking, process management and package ins
HostingElastic Stack (ELK): Log Analysis with Elasticsearch, Logstash and Kibana
Centralized log management with the ELK Stack — Elasticsearch, Logstash, Kibana and Filebeat setup, index management and log search.
SEOE-commerce SEO: Product Pages, Schema Markup and Category Strategy
E-commerce SEO guide — product page optimization, Product schema, category pages, faceted navigation, canonical URLs and managing duplicate content.
HostingWhat Is a Domain? Domain Registration, WHOIS Lookup, and TLD Guide
What a domain name is, how to buy one, how to run a WHOIS lookup, and the differences between .com, .net, .org, and country-code TLDs. A complete guid
HostingDocker Compose: Multi-Service Architecture and Production Deployment
Build multi-container apps with Docker Compose — web, DB, cache and reverse proxy services, network and volume management, production best practices.
SEOWhat Is Digital Marketing? Channels, Strategies, and a Beginner Guide
What digital marketing is, which channels (SEO, Google Ads, Meta Ads, email) to use, and how to build a strategy. A practical guide for SMBs.
HostingDeploying Applications with Docker: From Scratch to Production
Dockerfile authoring, multi-stage builds, docker-compose, container networking, volume management, and production deployment best practices.
SecurityMulti-Layer DDoS Protection with Cloudflare and Nginx
DDoS attack types (L3/L4/L7), Cloudflare WAF, Nginx rate limiting, Fail2ban and application-level defences — the full stack.
SoftwareDatabase Backup Strategies: Full, Incremental, PITR and the 3-2-1 Rule
Design a production backup plan — full vs incremental, Point-in-Time Recovery, the 3-2-1 rule and practical examples for MySQL and PostgreSQL.
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A practical guide to Google Core Web Vitals: LCP, INP, and CLS. Improve Lighthouse scores with lazy loading, font optimization, and CDN delivery.
APIAPI Rate Limiting: Token Bucket, Sliding Window and Redis Implementation
API rate limiting algorithms — fixed window, sliding window, token bucket, leaky bucket and distributed implementation with Redis.
HostingAnsible Server Automation: Playbooks, Roles and Inventory
Agentless server management with Ansible — playbooks, roles, inventory, vault, idempotent tasks and a full setup-automation guide.
SoftwareAdvanced TypeScript: Generics, Utility Types and Conditional Types
Advanced TypeScript — generics, utility types (Partial, Pick, Omit, Record), conditional types, infer, template literal types and mapped types.
SoftwareAdvanced Git: Rebase, Cherry-pick, Bisect, and Stash in Practice
Rebase vs merge, interactive rebase, cherry-pick, bug hunting with bisect, stash management, and recovery with reflog. Advanced Git workflow guide.
HostingConnecting to a Server with SSH: Key-Based Authentication
What is SSH and how do you connect to a server? Connecting with a password and an SSH key, secure configuration and fixing common SSH errors.
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