Query Analysis with EXPLAIN ANALYZE
Prefix every slow query with EXPLAIN ANALYZE. Look out for Seq Scan, Nested Loop, and high cost values.
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Indexing Strategies
B-tree (default): equality and range queries. GIN: full-text search, JSONB, arrays. GiST: geometric and range data. Partial index: indexes only rows matching a condition.
Connection Pooling
Each connection consumes about 10MB of RAM. Use PgBouncer or an application-level pool. Do not set max_connections higher than you really need.
Vacuum and Autovacuum
PostgreSQL uses MVCC — DELETE and UPDATE leave dead tuples behind. VACUUM reclaims them. Never disable autovacuum; tune its parameters instead.
Modern Software Development and DevOps Practices
Professional software development rests on three pillars: version control (Git + GitHub/GitLab pull request flow, mandatory code review), CI/CD pipeline (automated test + lint + build + deploy), and observability (Sentry/Datadog/Grafana for logs, metrics, traces). The test pyramid (unit > integration > e2e) ensures code quality, microservice architecture uses Docker containers with Kubernetes orchestration, and REST or GraphQL APIs follow OpenAPI/GraphQL Schema contracts. Across the SDLC (requirements → design → implementation → test → deploy → maintenance), Agile/Scrum sprints last 1-2 weeks while DevOps teams practice continuous delivery.